Abstract
BackgroundHelios has been reported to stabilize regulatory T (Treg) suppressive function. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression in three human monocyte subsets modulates immune responses. Recently, our team reported that three monocyte subsets are associated with T helper cell differentiation in HIV-1-infected patients. Until now, the effects of monocyte subsets and their PD-1 expression on Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells have not been fully characterized, especially during acute HIV-1 infection.ResultsThe frequency of Foxp3+Helios+CD45RA+ Treg cells is significantly higher in patients with acute HIV-1 infection than those of healthy controls and chronic HIV-1-infected patients undergoing combined antiretroviral therapy. The frequency of Foxp3+Helios+CD45RA+ Treg cells is inversely correlated with CD4 T-cell counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio in chronic HIV-1-infected patients. During acute HIV-1 infection, the frequency of Foxp3+Helios+CD45RA+ Treg cells is inversely correlated with the frequency of the intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocyte subset, but positively correlated with PD-1 expression in both intermediate CD14++CD16+ and non-classical CD14+CD16++ monocyte subsets.ConclusionsIn this study, the perturbations of Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells were characterized, and the association between monocyte subsets and their PD-1 expression and Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells was evaluated during HIV-1 infection. Our observations provide new evidence of the roles for Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells and PD-1 expression on monocyte subsets in HIV pathogenesis.
Highlights
Helios has been reported to stabilize regulatory T (Treg) suppressive function
We previously found that in acute HIV-1-infected patients, the frequency of the intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocyte subsets was positively associated with the frequency of IL-4, whereas this subset was positively associated with the frequency of IFN-γ and IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells in chronic HIV1-infected combined antiretroviral therapy (cART)-naïve patients [19]
We found that in acute HIV-1-infected patients, the frequency of Foxp3+Helios+CD45RA+ Treg cells was inversely correlated with the frequency of intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocyte subsets, whereas it was positively correlated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression on intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocyte subsets
Summary
Helios has been reported to stabilize regulatory T (Treg) suppressive function. Our team reported that three monocyte subsets are associated with T helper cell differentiation in HIV-1-infected patients. The effects of monocyte subsets and their PD-1 expression on Foxp3+Helios+ Treg cells have not been fully characterized, especially during acute HIV-1 infection. Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play a pivotal role in the regulation of the immune response due to suppressive abilities. The frequency of Tregs was associated with an inadequate immunological response during HIV-1 infection [1]. Monocytes have many immunological functions, including antigen presentation, making them a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems [9]. The specific roles of three monocyte subsets on Treg cell differentiation have remained poorly understood in HIV-1-infected patients
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