Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is involved in various reproductive diseases and can induce autophagy and apoptosis, which determine the different fates of cells. However, the sequence and the switch mechanism between autophagy and apoptosis are unclear. Here, we reported that chronic restraint stress (CRS) induced OS (decreased T-AOC, T-SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and increased MDA) and then disturbed the endocrine environment of sows during early pregnancy, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes. Meanwhile, after CRS, the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway was inhibited and attenuated the antioxidative ability to cause OS of the endometrium. The norepinephrine (NE) triggered β2-AR to activate the FOXO1/NF-κB pathway, which induced endometrial inflammation. CRS induced the caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway and caused MAP1LC3-II accumulation, SQSTM1/p62 degradation, and autophagosome formation to initiate autophagy. Furthermore, in vitro, a cellular OS model was established by adding hydrogen peroxide into cells. Low OS maintained the viability of endometrial epithelial cells by triggering autophagy, while high OS induced cell death by initiating caspase-dependent apoptosis. Autophagy preceded the occurrence of apoptosis, which depended on the subcellular localization of FOXO1. In the low OS group, FOXO1 was exported from the nucleus to be modified into Ac-FOXO1 and bound to ATG7 in the cytoplasm, which promoted autophagy to protect cells. In the high OS group, FOXO1 located in the nucleus to promote transcription of proapoptotic proteins and then induce apoptosis. Here, FOXO1, as a redox sensor switch, regulated the transformation of cell autophagy and apoptosis. In summary, the posttranslational modification of FOXO1 may become the target of OS treatment.
Highlights
Oxidative stress (OS) is widely present in various physiological and pathological phenomena in the process of life, including cancer [1], metabolism [2], preeclampsia [3], and ageing [4]
Using an in vivo chronic restraint stress (CRS) model target in pregnant sows (Figure 1(a)), we examined routine blood indices and blood biochemistry to observe the damage caused by CRS in pregnant sows
The blood biochemistry showed that the glucose was significantly increased in the CRS group compared with the control group (Figure 1(b))
Summary
Oxidative stress (OS) is widely present in various physiological and pathological phenomena in the process of life, including cancer [1], metabolism [2], preeclampsia [3], and ageing [4]. Humans are challenged by acute psychological stress and by chronic psychological stress during their daily life [5]. Under acute oxidative stress (AOS), antioxidant systems are capable of adequately coping with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) amounts, and the level returns to its initial status. Chronic oxidative stress (COS) can increase ROS levels, which can enhance the modification of different cellular components, substantially disturbing homeostasis. The cell cannot cope with highly intensive oxidative stress and may enter apoptosis [6]. The switch mechanism between AOS and COS remains unclear
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