Abstract
This paper presents the four-quadrant operation modes of bidirectional chargers for electric vehicles (EVs) framed in smart car parks. A cascaded model predictive control (MPC) scheme for the bidirectional two-stage off-board chargers is proposed. The controller is constructed in two stages. The model predictive direct power control for the grid side is applied to track the active/reactive power references. The model predictive direct current control is proposed to achieve constant current charging/discharging for the EV load side. With this MPC strategy, EV chargers are able to transmit the active and reactive powers between the EV batteries and the power grid. Apart from exchanging the active power, the vehicle-for-grid (V4G) mode is proposed, where the chargers are used to deliver the reactive power to support the grid, simultaneously combined with grid-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-grid operation modes. In the V4G mode, the EV battery functions as the static var compensator. According to the simulation results, the system can operate effectively in the full control regions of the active and reactive power (PQ) plane under the aforementioned operation modes. Fast dynamic response and great steady-state system performances can be verified through various simulation and experimental results.
Highlights
Electric vehicles (EVs), including railway, public service, and personal vehicles, play an important role in building a clean and efficient environment in the transportation market [1,2,3,4,5]
Twelve 12 V 24 Ah sealed lead-acid batteries connected in series were used to simulate an EV battery
This paper proposed a model predictive control composed of model predictive direct power control and a model predictive direct current control schemes for three-phase twostage off-board bidirectional EV chargers
Summary
Electric vehicles (EVs), including railway, public service, and personal vehicles, play an important role in building a clean and efficient environment in the transportation market [1,2,3,4,5]. To achieve bidirectional active/reactive power flow (four-quadrant operation), a cascaded model predictive control is proposed in this paper. It is used to track the active/reactive power demands for the power grid Another is the current control for the EV side to achieve a constant current charging target, which is named the model predictive direct current control (MPDCC). The key novelties of the paper can be summarized as follows: (1) The active and reactive powers can be controlled independently with the cascaded predictive control; (2) EV batteries regarded as the reactive power generator (V4G mode) are proposed to support the main grid; (3) the initial constant current control for charging/discharging operation is available on the load side.
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