Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis Is a Powerful Tool for Studying the Dynamic Changes in Staphylococcus aureus Small-Colony Variants

Abstract

Infections due to small-colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with chronic and recurrent infections are an emerging problem; however, studies with this subpopulation are hampered by the fact that SCVs may exhibit unstable phenotypes, making them difficult to study, particularly in broth media. In this study, two S. aureus sets comprising the (i) normal and the (ii) SCV phenotype (clonal with normal phenotype) recovered from clinical specimens, as well as (iii) corresponding site-directed mutants displaying the SCV phenotype (knockout of hemB) and (iv) their complemented mutants were examined by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Phenotypes were defined on solid and in broth media. Using first-derivative infrared spectra to calculate spectral distances, hierarchical clustering based on spectral information resulted in a dendrogram with clear discrimination between SCV and normal phenotypes. The SCVs gave an FTIR fingerprint that was easily recognizable and that was much closer to other SCVs than to their parent strains. This technique offers for the first time a noninvasive approach to investigate dynamic processes of reversion of SCVs to the normal phenotype and vice versa. Thus, FTIR spectroscopy allowed a rapid and reproducible tool for the examination of different subpopulations of S. aureus on solid and in broth media for diagnostic and research purposes.