Four years after implementation of a national micronutrient powder program in Kyrgyzstan, prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia is lower, but prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is higher.

Abstract

In 2009, the Ministry of Health of Kyrgyzstan launched a national Infant and Young Child Nutrition (IYCN) program which included point-of-use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders (MNP) containing iron, vitamin A, and other micronutrients. Caretakers of children aged 6-23 months were given 30 sachets of MNP every 2 months. Micronutrient surveys were conducted in 2009 and 2013. The objective of the study was to compare the prevalence of anemia and deficiencies of iron and vitamin A among children aged 6-29 months prior to the MNP program (2009) with those after full implementation (2013). Cross-sectional national surveys were conducted in 2009 (n = 666) and 2013 (n = 2150). Capillary blood samples were collected to measure hemoglobin, iron (ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor [sTfR]) and vitamin A (retinol binding protein [RBP]) status, and inflammation status (C-reactive protein [CRP] and α-1-acid glycoprotein [AGP]). Ferritin, sTfR, and RBP were adjusted for inflammation; hemoglobin was adjusted for altitude. The prevalence of anemia was non-significantly lower in 2013 compared to 2009 (32.7% vs. 39.0%, p = 0.076). Prevalence of inflammation-adjusted iron deficiency (54.8% vs. 74.2%, p<0.001) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA, 25.5% vs. 35.1%, p = 0.003) were lower and the prevalence of inflammation-adjusted vitamin A deficiency was higher (4.3% vs. 2.0%, p = 0.013) in 2013 compared to 2009. Four years after the initiation of a national Infant and Young Child Nutrition program including the introduction of point-of-use fortification with MNP, the prevalence of iron deficiency and IDA is lower, but the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is higher.