Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are cell metabolites that affect many physiological functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Earlier we have demonstrated the inhibitory effects of soil bacteria volatiles, including ketones, on cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are very sensitive to ketone action. To investigate the possible molecular mechanisms of the ketone 2-nonanone influence on cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, we applied a genetic approach. After Tn5-692 transposon mutagenesis, several 2-nonanone resistant mutants have been selected. Four different mutant strains were used for identification of the impaired genes (Synpcc7942_1362, Synpcc7942_0351, Synpcc7942_0732, Synpcc7942_0726) that encode correspondingly: 1) a murein-peptide ligase Mpl that is involved in the biogenesis of cyanobacteria cell wall; 2) a putative ABC transport system substrate-binding proteins MlaD, which participates in ABC transport system that maintains lipid asymmetry in the gram-negative outer membrane by aberrantly localized phospholipids transport from outer to inner membranes of bacterial cells; 3) a conserved hypothetical protein that is encoding by gene belonging to phage gene cluster in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 genome; 4) a protein containing the VRR-NUC (virus-type replication-repair nuclease) domain present in restriction-modification enzymes involved in replication and DNA repair. The obtained results demonstrated that 2-nonanone may have different targets in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 cells. Among them are proteins involved in the biogenesis and functioning of the cyanobacteria cell wall (Synpcc7942_1362, Synpcc7942_0351, Synpcc7942_0732) and protein participating in stress response at DNA restriction-modification level (Synpcc7942_0726). This paper is the first report about the genes that encode protein products, which can be affected by 2-nonanone.
Highlights
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are diverse organic molecules that are producing by bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals
Four different mutant strains were used for identification of the impaired genes (Synpcc7942_1362, Synpcc7942_0351, Synpcc7942_0732, Synpcc7942_0726) that encode correspondingly: (1) a murein-peptide ligase Mpl that is involved in the biogenesis of cyanobacteria cell wall; (2) a putative ABC transport system substrate-binding proteins MlaD, which participates in ABC transport system that maintains lipid asymmetry in the gram-negative outer membrane by aberrantly localized phospholipids transport from outer to inner membranes of bacterial cells; (3) a conserved hypothetical protein that is encoding by gene belonging to phage gene cluster in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 genome; (4) a protein containing the Viral replication and repair (VRR)-NUC domain present in restriction-modification enzymes involved in replication and DNA repair
Among them are proteins involved in the biogenesis and functioning of the cyanobacteria cell wall (Synpcc7942_1362, Synpcc7942_0351, Synpcc7942_0732) and protein participating in stress response at DNA restriction-modification level (Synpcc7942_0726)
Summary
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are diverse organic molecules (alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids, terpenoids, sulfur-containing compounds, etc.) that are producing by bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. The detailed molecular mechanisms of the effects of ketones on bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants are not known. Due to their high lipophilicity, ketones can penetrate membranes of bacteria cells and these organic molecules may modify the membrane chemical structure through nucleophilic addition between carbonyl groups and acetyl amine groups [9]. 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone demonstrated an inhibitory action on protein refolding in bacteria [13], which can suppress the expression of genes involved in Quorum Sensing regulation in bacterial cells [14] and negatively affected biofilm formation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens [15]
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