Four‐level compensation standards and calculation techniques for water ecological protection in the river source regions in China

The ecological environments of nature reserves with desert ecosystems are fragile, and it is necessary to implement scientific and effective ecological compensation strategies. However, the development of an ecological compensation theory for desert ecosystems is relatively immature, and no proprietary, theoretical basis or system has yet been formed. When formulating compensation standards for ecological protection, it is usually necessary to draw on other types of compensation theories to formulate ecological compensation strategies. This study focuses on three nature reserves located in different desert climatic zones as the research object—a hyper-arid desertification area, an arid desertification area, and a semi-arid desertification area—which serve as the main bodies for evaluating ecological assets. Considering the direct costs and opportunity costs of the ecological protection of nature reserves, we can estimate appropriate ecological compensation standards. The study’s results show that the ecological asset value per unit area and the ecological compensation standard are the greatest in the semi-arid desertification climate area. The ecological asset value per unit area of Haba Lake nature reserves is 6.59 × 104 CNY/hm2, and the ecological compensation standard is 1.18 × 104 CNY/hm2. The cost of ecological protection of Anxi nature reserves is 8204.09 × 104 CNY/hm2, and the ecological compensation standard is 0.15 × 104 CNY/hm2. The cost of ecological protection is the greatest, and the standard of ecological compensation is the lowest, in the hyper-arid desertification climate area. The ecological compensation coefficients of the hyper-arid, arid, and semi-arid desertified areas were 0.181, 0.183, and 0.180, respectively. The research results could provide a scientific basis for the formulation of differentiated ecological protection compensation standards for nature reserves with desert ecosystems, and they provide an effective theoretical basis and technical support for the construction of other types of ecological protection compensation models.

The ecological compensation of cultivated land could also be called paying for the ecological service of cultivated land. It means that based on comprehensive consideration of the cost of the protection of the cultivated land and the value of the ecological service, the benefited area would implement the ecological compensation to the damaged area to motivate the actors of the protection behavior to protect the cultivated land better. A fair and reasonable cultivated land ecological compensation mechanism is critical in motivating cultivated land protection subjects’ active participation in cultivated land protection. However, most of the currently measured cultivated land ecological compensation standards are only determined from the perspective of a single interest, ignoring the participation and negotiation of cultivated land protection stakeholders, resulting in insufficient pertinence, low compensation standards, and low compensation efficiency. Therefore, by introducing a market mechanism, this study constructs a non-cooperative bargaining model and solves three stages of the game equilibrium solution under the condition of comprehensive consideration of interests of farmland ecosystem service providers and consumers. In this study, the Yangtze River Economic Belt is taken as the research area to provide empirical analysis of a cultivated land ecological game compensation standard between the subject and object of cultivated land ecological compensation in the area. The study found that, under the ecological compensation standard for cultivated land determined by the bargaining game, the cultivated land ecological compensation subject and object in the area meets the “KaldorHicks” resource allocation criterion, and the standard can take into account the interests of both parties. Meanwhile, the river basin horizontal ecological compensation quota determined by the game standard will neither cause a financial dilemma in the payment area due to the excessive compensation quota, nor financial “windfall gain” in the compensated area due to ecological finance transfer of cultivated land. The cultivated land ecological compensation standard based on the game between the two parties is reasonable and accurate for the cultivated land ecological compensation object, which not only functions as an economic incentive, but maintains long-term effectiveness of policy. Therefore, it is necessary to actively promote the determination of ecological compensation standards based on negotiation means, and to establish a sustainable ecological protection compensation mechanism involving government predomination, social engagement, and market-oriented operations, to drive marketization of cultivated land ecological compensation.

This study analyzes the interannual and interdecadal variability of spring and summer precipitation over the Three River Source (TRS) region in China using four datasets. A general consistency is revealed among the four datasets with regard to the interannual and interdecadal variability of TRS precipitation during 1979–2015, demonstrating a confidence of the four datasets in representing the precipitation variability over the TRS region. The TRS spring and summer precipitation shows distinct interannual and interdecadal variability, with an overall increasing trend in the spring precipitation and an interdecadal oscillation in the summer precipitation. The regimes associated with the interannual variability of TRS spring and summer precipitation are further investigated. The interannual variability of TRS spring precipitation is essentially modulated by an anomalous easterly water vapor transport (WVT) branch associated with the leading mode of Eurasian spring circulation. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may affect the interannual variability of TRS spring precipitation by causing southerly WVT anomalies toward the TRS region. The interannual variability of TRS summer precipitation is essentially modulated by an anomalous southwesterly WVT branch over the TRS region, which is mainly associated with a Eurasian wave train connected with the summer North Atlantic Oscillation. A strong East Asian summer monsoon and an El Niño–decaying summer may also contribute to the southwesterly WVT anomalies over the TRS region.

This study investigates the interannual variability of winter precipitation over the Three River Source (TRS) region in China based on precipitation observations collected at stations in the TRS region and reanalysis datasets for the period of 1980–2015. The results suggest that the TRS winter precipitation has distinct interannual variability with discordant trends in different months, that is, an increasing trend is found in November and February, a decreasing trend is found in other winter months, and interannual variations in precipitation are different in different months. The mechanisms for the interannual variation in monthly precipitation over the TRS region are significantly different in different winter months. The interannual variability of TRS precipitation in November is modulated by an anomalous westerly water vapour transport (WVT) branch. This anomalous WVT branch is related to a North Atlantic‐Europe‐Tibetan Plateau (NA‐E‐TP) wave‐train that originates in the North Atlantic due to the ocean–atmosphere interaction. In December, a circum‐global teleconnection (CGT) wave‐train can induce anomalous westerly WVT in the TRS region, resulting in increased precipitation there. This CGT wave‐train is triggered by warm SST anomalies in the central‐eastern tropical Pacific associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The interannual variability of TRS precipitation in January and February is affected by southwesterly WVT anomalies over the TRS region, which are associated with a southeastward propagating wave‐train over Eurasia caused by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In March, the interannual variability of TRS precipitation is modulated by the leading mode of the Eurasian circulation that resembles the Scandinavian (EU1) pattern, which can cause anomalous southwesterly WVT in the TRS region. In winter, the characteristics of sea surface temperature anomalies, weather systems, and atmospheric circulations associated with interannual variations of monthly precipitation in the TRS region are different for individual winter months.

Quantification of the coupling relationship between ecological compensation and ecosystem services in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于化肥施用控制的稻田生态补偿标准研究——以南京市溧水区为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201809172020 作者: 作者单位: 南京农业大学公共管理学院 南京,南京农业大学,南京农业大学公共管理学院 南京 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 公益性行业（农业）科研专项经费项目（201503121）；南京市软科学研究计划项目（2017sr206007）；广东省环境污染控制与修复技术重点实验室开放基金资助项目（2018K01） Ecological compensation standards for paddy fields based on the control of chemical fertilizer application-Lishui District, Nanjing as an example Author: Affiliation: Public of administration, Nanjing Agricultural University,,Public of administration, Nanjing Agricultural University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:农田生态补偿作为一种控制化肥用量与面源污染的公共政策工具，其补偿标准将决定政策内化外部效应的实际效果。以南京市溧水区水稻种植户为对象，综合运用成本收益法、能值分析法和双边界二分式CVM法，测定基于政府和农户双重视角下的稻田化肥减施生态补偿标准。研究结果表明：化肥污染环境成本量化视角下南京市水稻种植过程中的折纯化肥投入参考值为268.75 kg hm-2 a-1，相比2017年南京市的实际化肥用量312.48 kg hm-2 a-1仍有约14%的下降空间；绝大多数种植户愿意在接受平均补偿标准为882.49元hm-2 a-1的前提之下减少化肥投入至参考用量；受教育程度越高、家中务农人数越多、化肥投入成本越高的稻农更倾向于接受生态补偿，而种植面积较大的农户以及年长男性种植户对减施化肥持更谨慎的态度。研究结果为南京市农业面源污染防治和稻田生态补偿标准制定提供了一定的理论支撑，在实际补偿发放过程中，单一的补偿标准无法保障公平公正，需建立与作物种植类型、化肥减施成效相挂钩的分级生态补偿制度，从而激励农户尽可能减少化肥投入。 Abstract:Ecological compensation is a public policy tool that can be used to cope with excessive fertilizer application and agricultural non-point source pollution; the amount of compensation significantly influences the actual level of policy implementation. This study examined government compensation for a reduction in the amount of fertilizer applied by rice farmers in Nanjing. We used cost income, energy value analysis, and double-boundary contingent valuation methods and constructed a fertilizer reduction compensation standard using the dual perspectives of the government and the farmers.. The results showed that from the perspective of environmental cost quantification resulting from chemical fertilizer pollution, the reference value for application of pure fertilizer to rice cropping systems in Nanjing is 268.75 kg hm-2 a-1, which is still approximately 14% lower than the actual amount of fertilizer applied 312.48 kg hm-2 a-1 in 2017 in Nanjing. The vast majority of growers were willing to reduce the amount of fertilizer to the reference dosage on the premise of accepting an ecological average compensation standard of 882.49 yuan hm-2 a-1. Finally, rice growers with higher education, larger households, and higher fertilizer input costs tended to accept ecological compensation as well as related obligations, whereas older male farmers and those with larger planting areas tended to be more cautious about reducing fertilizer use. Our results provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution in Nanjing and the formulation of an ecological compensation standard for paddy fields. In the actual compensation and distribution process, the single compensation standard cannot guarantee fairness and justice and it is necessary to establish a hierarchical ecological compensation system that is linked to the crop planting type and the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction. Farmers should reduce the input of chemical fertilizer as much as possible. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Ecological compensation is one of the important measures to coordinate regional ecological protection and economic development. As the only inter-provincial river in Fujian Province and the second inter-provincial watershed of the eco-compensation pilot in China, the Tingjiang River basin has attracted increasing attention from policy makers and scholars. This study aims to systematically analyze the ecological compensation mechanism and improve the effectiveness of ecological protection in the Tingjiang River basin. In this paper, ecosystem service value (ESV) is used as a criterion for establishing ecological compensation standards. Based on the land cover datasets from 2010 to 2020, the spatial distribution and the dynamic changes of ESV were determined. Subsequently, the priority and standards of ecological compensation were established according to the level of the socio-economic development. Finally, the horizontal ecological compensation was determined by combining the actual benefits and willingness-to-pay of downstream beneficiary regions. The results indicate the following findings: (1) The ESV of the Tingjiang River basin exhibited a decreasing trend over the past decade. It decreased from CNY 70.72 billion in 2010 to CNY 69.05 billion in 2020, with a rate of change of −2.37%; (2) The growth of GDP in the research area has led to a decrease in the priority and standards of ecological compensation. The ecological compensation quota shows a decreasing trend from upstream to downstream, that is, Changting county (33%) > Wuping county (27%) > Shanghang county (21%) > Yongding district (19%); (3) The amounts of horizontal ecological compensation that Guangdong province need to pay are CNY 224 million, 166 million, and 109 million in 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. The findings of this research can not only optimize the allocation of ecological compensation, but also provide a reference for other countries/regions to carry out relevant research work.

Under the intensification of global warming, the characteristics of the Three Rivers source region (TRSR; i.e., headwaters of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, and the Lancang River) in China were diagnosed in the summer season from 1979 to 2015 using observations and reanalysis data. The diagnoses indicate that summer precipitation decreased from 1979 to 2002 [by 9.01 mm day−1 (10 yr)−1; p < 0.05 by Student’s t test] and increased significantly after 2002 [by 5.52 mm day−1 (10 yr)−1]. This abrupt change year (2002) was further confirmed by the cumulative anomaly method, the moving t-test method, and the Yamamoto method. By compositing the thermodynamics before and after the abrupt change year (2002), the results reveal that increased water vapor and more substantial lower-level convergence were present over the TRSR during 2003–15. This marked interdecadal variability in the TRSR summer precipitation responded to the interdecadal position and intensity of the large-scale forcing East Asian westerly jet (EAWJ), which is significantly modulated by the low-frequency variability associated with Southern Oscillation index. The connection between the interannual TRSR precipitation and the location and intensity of EAWJ was also explored. The position index of the EAWJ is negatively (with correlation coefficient R of −0.446; p < 0.05 by Student’s t test) correlated with the precipitation over the TRSR, implying that southward and northward years of EAWJ are respectively associated with intensifying and weakening the TRSR summer precipitation, whereas the intensity of EAWJ is insignificantly correlated with the TRSR summer precipitation.

On the basis of observed soil freeze depth data from 14 meteorological stations on the Three Rivers Source Region (TRSR) in China during 1960 to 2014, trends in the freeze depth, first date, last date, and duration of frozen soil were analyzed, together with other meteorological variables, such as air temperature, snow depth, and precipitation, observed at the same locations. The results showed the following. (1) A continuous, accelerated decreasing trend in freeze depth appeared in the TRSR during the 1985–2014 and 2000–2014 periods, compared with that during the 1960–2014 period. (2) The freeze first date had been delayed and the freeze last date had been advanced significantly. The advanced trends in freeze last date were more significant than the delayed trends in freeze first date. The freeze duration also experienced an accelerated decrease. (3) The freeze depth and period were strongly affected by air temperature, thawing index, and soil moisture (precipitation), but not by snow. The freeze depth, freeze first date, freeze last date, and duration also influenced each other. (4) These decreasing trends in freeze depth and duration are expected to continue given the increasing trends in air temperature and precipitation in this region.

This study aims to analyze the current situation of water resource management in Shaanxi Province, study the basic principles of ecological compensation, evaluate the impact of water conservation projects on the ecological environment by establishing a model, and propose a sustainable water resource management model. Hanzhong City has certain typicality and representativeness within Shaanxi Province, and the problems it faces in water resource management and ecological environment may represent the entire province or similar regions. At the same time, Hanzhong City has rich data and research foundations. Therefore, by conducting a detailed analysis of the current water resource status in the Hanzhong City area of Shaanxi Province, the problems in current water resource management are revealed, and the basic principles of ecological compensation are intensely studied. The original ecological compensation plan in Shaanxi Province has been summarized. Guided by the concept of sustainable development, an ecological compensation model is established using algorithms, and the model is applied to sustainable water resource management. Establish a model for water conservation and water resource management through data collection, preprocessing, and cleaning, and apply it to practical cases in Hanzhong City. Through simulation and analysis of Hanzhong City, the new water resource management model effectively mitigates the adverse effects of water conservation projects on the ecological environment while improving water resource utilization efficiency. The changes in various environmental parameters indicate that the new plan has improved the ecological environment. Through the application of the model, the ecological compensation plan formulated has achieved sustainable protection of the ecological environment while promoting economic development. This study proposes a sustainable water resource management model through a comprehensive study of water resource management and ecological compensation in Shaanxi Province and verifies it in practical cases, demonstrating that the model has not only good applicability but also has significant effects in promoting economic growth and ecological environment protection.

Study on the quantification method of water pollution ecological compensation standard based on emergy theory

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于生态系统服务的黑河中游退耕还林生态补偿研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201804180891 作者: 作者单位: 北京大学城市与环境学院资源与环境地理系,北京大学城市与环境学院,北京大学城市与环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41871074） Study of ecological compensation of the Grain for Green program in the middle reaches of Heihe River based on ecosystem services Author: Affiliation: College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes(MOE),Beijing, 100871,China,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:退耕还林工程是迄今为止世界上最大的生态建设工程，对我国生态恢复发挥了重要作用，而生态补偿机制构建则是保障该工程顺利实施的关键。以黑河中游为研究区，评估了区域水源涵养、土壤保持和气体调节等生态系统服务及其退耕还林增量；利用最小数据法耦合机会成本和服务增量，推导退耕还林补偿曲线；通过政策目标设定3种情景，比较不同情境下的补偿标准、退耕比例和范围以及生态系统服务增量。结果表明：①退耕还林有助于提高生态系统服务的能力，单位面积水源涵养、土壤保持和固碳三种生态系统服增量分别为8.87 mm/m2、105.67 kg/m2和43.16 g/m2；②如不实施生态补偿，仅有1.42%的耕地愿意实施退耕还林；当补偿标准达到4381.35元/hm2时，可实现5.17%耕地退耕，且全部属于高度适宜和适宜还林的耕地；而当补偿金额达到7500元/hm2时，可实现退耕比例13.98%，且多数属于宜林的地块；当补偿标准为2803.06元/hm2时，退耕比例仅为2.55%，但全部适宜林地生长；③最小数据法可求得理论上相对高效和经济的补偿标准，目前实施的7500元/hm2的政策标准在合理的补偿范围内。研究结果为完善黑河中游生态补偿机制、提高生态补偿效率提供科学指导。 Abstract:The Grain for Green program is the largest ecological construction project in the world thus far and has played an important role in ecological restoration in China. Taking the middle reaches of Heihe River as the study area, we evaluated ecosystem services, such as water conservation, soil conservation, and gas regulation, and calculated their increment after returning farmland to forest. After combining opportunity cost and service increment, the minimum data approach was used to deduce the compensation curve for returning farmland to forest. According to the three scenarios of policy objectives, we compared the compensation standard, proportion and scope of returning farmland, and the increment in ecosystem services in different situations. The results are as follows: ① Conversion of farmland to forest contributes to improving the capacity for ecosystem services. The ecosystem increment of water conservation, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration per unit area was 8.87 mm/m2, 105.67 kg/m2, and 43.16 g/m2, respectively. ② If ecological compensation is not carried out, only 1.42% of farmland would be returned to forest. When the compensation standard reaches 4381.35 yuan/hm2, 5.17% of farmland plots could be returned to forest, all of which are suitable for forest growth. When the compensation amount is 7500 yuan/hm2, 13.98% of farmland can be returned, and most of the plots are suitable for forest growth. If the compensation standard is 2803.06 yuan/hm2, the proportion of returned farmland is only 2.55%, but all are suitable for forest growth. ③ The minimum data method, in theory, can provide a relatively efficient and economic compensation standard. The current policy standard of 7500 yuan/hm2 is in the reasonable range of compensation. These results can provide scientific guidance for improving ecological compensation mechanisms and ecological compensation efficiency in the middle reaches of Heihe River. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

To solve the problem of unitary ecological compensation standards in river basins by scientifically clarifying the compensation for ecological protection investments and for pollution, this research divided ecological environment property relations between the upstream and downstream into three types: downstream ecological compensation for the upstream, upstream ecological compensation for the downstream and sharing the rights of the ecological environment. The various compensation standards were divided into three stages according to the location quotient and pollutant concentration. Calculation and analysis were performed for the ecological compensation of the Xiaoqing River Basin at the junction of Jinan City and Binzhou City of Shandong Province as an example. The results showed that: (1) the downstream compensations for the three stages were 2.139 billion yuan, 2.349 billion yuan and 2.489 billion yuan when only the downstream ecological compensation for the upstream was considered; (2) the compensations for the three stages were 88 million yuan, 107 million yuan, 124 million yuan when only the upstream ecological compensation for the downstream was considered; and (3) the compensations in the three stages were 2.051 billion yuan, 2.242 billion yuan, 2.365 billion yuan when ecological environment rights were shared. Under this property relation, the ecological compensation standard considering water quality and water yield and the goal of ecological environmental protection are clear and the content of compensation is complete, which is easily accepted by all parties.

Establishing a standard model for water resource ecological compensation, based on water quantity and quality, is one of the current research hotspots in the field of ecological economy. This paper calculates the water footprint from 2011 to 2021, constructs an inter-provincial water resource ecological compensation model in the Yangtze River Basin, and discusses the horizontal compensation of water resource ecology in the Yangtze River Basin. Firstly, the water footprint method and the water footprint ecological load index are used to evaluate and analyze the overall water resource utilization in the basin and in various administrative regions within the basin; secondly, the decoupling analysis method is used to study the coordinated relationship between water resource utilization and economic development among different administrative regions; finally, the identity of the compensation subject and object are determined on the basis of the calculation of ecological surplus and deficit of water resources in each administrative region, and the compensation standards are quantitatively calculated. The results indicate the following: (1) Over the 11 years, the overall water footprint of the Yangtze River Basin and its provinces has shown a growth trend, with significant differences in the quantity of water footprints among different administrative regions, and the average water footprint exhibits a decreasing distribution from “midstream—downstream—upstream”. There are significant differences in the water footprint ecological load index among provinces, with the load index showing a trend of being higher in the east and lower in the west. (2) From the perspective of the decoupling index, there has been no state of dis-coordination in the Yangtze River Basin overall over the 11 years, with 2016, 2018, and 2019 being in a high-quality coordinated state, while the other years were in a primary coordinated state. (3) In terms of horizontal payment for ecological compensation, Tibet, Yunnan, and Qinghai have consistently been regions receiving ecological compensation, while Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, and Chongqing have been determined as compensation subjects required to make payments over the years.

Against the backdrop of ecological civilization construction and regional coordinated development strategies, functional zone (MFOZ) planning guides national spatial development through differentiated policies. However, a prominent conflict exists between the ecological protection responsibilities and regional development rights in restricted and prohibited development zones, leading to a vicious cycle of “ecological protection → restricted development → poverty exacerbation”. This paper focuses on the synergistic mechanisms between ecological compensation and targeted poverty alleviation. Based on the capability approach and sustainable development goals (SDGs), it analyzes the dialectical relationship between the two in terms of goal coupling, institutional design, and practical pathways. The study finds that ecological compensation can break the “ecological poverty trap” through the internalization of externalities and the enhancement of livelihood capabilities. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including low compensation standards, unbalanced benefit distribution, and insufficient legalization. Through case studies of the compensation reform in the water source area of Southern Shaanxi, China, and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union, this paper proposes the construction of a long-term mechanism integrating differentiated compensation standards, market-based fund integration, legal guarantees, and capability enhancement. The research emphasizes the need for institutional innovation to balance ecological protection and livelihood improvement, promoting a transition from “blood transfusion” compensation to “hematopoietic” development, thereby offering a Chinese solution for global sustainable development.