Abstract
An ultrafast x-ray microtomography technique based on synchrotron x rays and a fast-framing x-ray detector was developed to reconstruct the highly transient sprays in four dimensions with microsecond-temporal resolution in the near-nozzle region. The time-resolved quantitative fuel distribution allowed a realistic numerical fluid dynamic simulation with initial conditions based on the measurement, which demonstrates that the fuel has completed the primary breakup upon exiting the nozzle. The secondary-breakup-based simulation agrees well with the experimental fuel-volume fraction distribution, which challenges most existing simulation assumptions and results.
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