Abstract
In this review, we examine four specific questions/issues of contemporary interest within the overall topic of ionospheric plasma outflow into the magnetosphere. These four question areas are framed here as: (1) Are high-latitude F-region upflows predominantly driven by soft auroral electron precipitation?; (2) Is the O+ within the polar cap magnetosphere supplied primarily by the cleft ion fountain or a direct polar cap ionospheric source?; (3) Is centrifugal acceleration an important mechanism in the acceleration of ionospheric plasma outflows?; and (4) Are lobe ionospheric outflows captured by the plasma sheet?
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