Abstract

Abstract The safety of recycled water for potable water reuse can be enhanced by improving the reliability of reverse osmosis (RO) treatment for the removal of trace organic chemicals. This study assessed the mechanisms underlying the variable rejection of a carcinogenic N-nitrosamine, namely N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), caused by RO membrane fouling. Foulants that cause the variable rejection were evaluated through rejection tests and foulant characterization. The RO treatment of wastewaters with and without pre-treatment using an ultrafiltration or nanofiltration membrane showed that NDMA rejection commonly increased with increasing membrane fouling. The characterization of organics in the treated wastewater samples revealed that increased NDMA rejection can be caused by foulants composed of low-molecular-weight organics (

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