Fouling mitigation in membrane bioreactors by nanobubble-assisted backwashing

Abstract

Widespread application of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) is still difficult because of the problem of membrane fouling, which increases operational and maintenance costs. A novel approach to mitigate fouling in MBRs, nanobubble-assisted backwashing (NBB), is presented in this paper. Nanobubbles generated in this study had an average diameter of about 150 nm, and some of the nanobubbles could pass through the pores of microfiltration (MF) membranes used for MBRs. Therefore, nanobubbles introduced from the permeate side during backwashing might exhibit cleaning effects for membranes since applications of nanobubbles for cleaning of various materials such as protein-coated gold electrodes and stainless steel have been reported. The effectiveness of NBB was compared with that of tap water backwashing (TWB) and chemically enhanced backwashing (CEB) using 50 ppm NaClO. Experiments were carried out by using three bench-scale MBRs installed at a local wastewater treatment plant. The three MBRs were operated in parallel with identical operating conditions except for backwashing conditions. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) granular materials were inserted in each membrane tank to scour the membrane surface. Regardless of the variation of the feed, NBB always exhibited better cleaning performance than TWB, and the cleaning efficiency of NBB was sometimes comparable to that of CEB. The degree of reversible fouling observed with TWB was 424 % higher than that with NBB, indicating that NBB is much more effective than TWB for the control of reversible fouling. It was also found that NBB could mitigate irreversible fouling even in the absence of a thick protective layer on the surface of the membrane. It was attempted to reveal the mechanism by which NBB enhances the cleaning effect by carrying out comprehensive analysis of the distribution of filtration resistance, mixed liquor suspension and the fouling layer. Significant changes in microbial activity of the mixed liquor suspension and sludge properties in the MBRs were not observed when NBB was carried out. The results of the analysis suggested that NBB made the structure of the fouling layer more porous, possibly facilitating the removal of the fouling layer from the membrane.