Fossil middle triassic “sea cows” – placodont reptiles as macroalgae feeders along the north-western Tethys coastline with Pangaea and in the Germanic basin

Cajus G Diedrich

doi:10.4236/ns.2011.31002

Abstract

The descriptions of fossil Triassic marine pla- codonts as durophagous reptiles are revised through comparisons with the sirenia and basal proboscidean mammal and palaeoenvironment analyses. The jaws of placodonts are conver- gent with those of Halitherium/Dugong or Mo- eritherium in their general function. Whereas Halitherium possessed a horny oral pad and counterpart and a special rasp-like tongue to grind seagrass, as does the modern Dugong, placodonts had large teeth that covered their jaws to form a similar grinding pad. The sirenia also lost their anterior teeth during many Millions of years and built a horny pad instead and specialized tongue to fed mainly on seagrass, whereas placodonts had only macroalgae availa- ble. Indirect evidence for Triassic macroalgae is provided by benthic palaeocommunities from different layers and extended European regions in the Germanic Basin. Studies of tooth wear stages for Placodus indicate that anterior teeth may have been used in a similar manner to the procumbent front teeth of modern Dugong. Paraplacodus and Placodus seem to have used these teeth as spatulas to dig out seaplants. Cyamodus and other placodonts such as Placochelys had smaller or reduced anterior teeth. The scarcity of highly worn palatine or maxillary and lower jaw dentary Placodus or Cyamodus teeth (less then 0.5%) suggests that they had a relatively soft diet. The seaplants would only have been squeezed in a similar feeding strategy to that of modern Dugong feeding on seagrass without jaw rotation and grinding. The phylogenetic trend in tooth reduction within the placodonts Paraplacodus, Placodus, especially in Cyamodus but also Placochelys, and Henodus within 11 My appears to have been a result of this plant-feeding adaptation and may even explain the origin or at least close relationship of the earliest Upper Triassic turtles as toothless algae and jellyfish feeders, in terms of the long-term convergent development with the sirens.

Highlights

The extinct reptile group of the placodonts found in Germany and other European sites (Figure 1), a group of diverse marine diving reptiles, had large teeth covering the lower and complete upper jaws (Figsure 2-5) which made those reptiles quite unique within all known extinct and extant reptiles on Planet Earth
The cranial material of the Germanic Basin Middle Triassic placodonts Paraplacodus (Figure 2; 5%), Placodus (Figure 3; 75%), Cyamodus (Figure 4; 15%), Placochelys (Figure 5; 5%) is dominated by Placodus gigas remains. It is here discussed if this is the result of taphonomy or primary habitat differences in the Germanic Basin (e.g. Bayreuth shallow subtidal site) and northwestern Tethys (e.g. Monte San Giorgio lagoon site)
In many cases of isolated placodont teeth those represent in most cases replacement teeth, which were dropped during the animals life explaining the high amount of “black teeth” in the Upper Muschelkalk sediments

Summary

Introduction

The extinct reptile group of the placodonts found in Germany and other European sites (Figure 1), a group of diverse marine diving reptiles, had large teeth covering the lower and complete upper jaws (Figsure 2-5) which made those reptiles quite unique within all known extinct and extant reptiles on Planet Earth. Those popular named “Triassic sea cows” [1] were found commonly with their bones and typical large teeth all over Europe mainly in the Germanic Basin of Central Europe [1,2,3,4].

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