Fossil camels from the upper miocene of Europe: Implications for biogeography and faunal change

Abstract

The discovery of fossil camels at two localities of upper Miocene age in Spain (Zone MN 13, c.7.5-6.5 Ma) providesimportant constraints on phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographic interpretations of Old World camels. The arrival of camels in Spain coincided in time with major faunal turnover events in the Old and New Worlds and with the Rhodanian tectogenic phase. The same period was also one of important climatic changes in various parts of the world, including India and East Africa. The faunal evidence suggests that the latest Miocene was a period of rather drastic adjustment to palaeozoogeographic boundaries, while the evidence for increased tectogenesis indicates a possible cause of this turbulent period in the history of the Earth's biosphere and atmosphere.