Abstract
Abstract. Climate, together with human activities, is changing the natural dynamics in lake ecosystems and adding new challenges to the management of water resources. Recent studies on Lake Lugano, in Switzerland, showed for instance that the increased water temperature influence other processes such as lake stratification and mixing dynamics, algal blooms, colonisation by alien species, affecting the lake ecosystem as a whole. In such situation, real-time systems with high frequency measurements, together with the traditional discrete monitoring, can help in understanding dynamics and processes occurring on short time scales. To this aim, an open monitoring system largely composed by open source components is being developed for the high frequency monitoring of Lake Lugano. The system relies on the open source software istSOS either on the server and node sides applying the edge computing paradigm which is more and more adopted in the Internet of Things field. The implementation collects temperature and dissolved oxygen data from sensors positioned at six different depths of the lake and transmits them using the LoRa radio frequency to a data warehouse. At server side, the software architecture adopts the evolving technology based on containers where services can be grouped in a compose and easily deployed on a server. This paper aims to describe the adopted open source technology and demonstrate that it can be successfully used also in environmental monitoring where the accessibility is limited and the weather conditions can be unpredictable.
Highlights
1.1 Lake ecosystemsLake ecosystems are exposed to growing threats due to climate change and other anthropic pressures
The system (Figure 5) is composed by a chain of six sensors positioned at different depths. because the collected data will be used for the calculation of whole-lake metabolism
The monitoring system is composed by a Raspberry Pi data logger where all the sensors are connected
Summary
1.1 Lake ecosystemsLake ecosystems are exposed to growing threats due to climate change and other anthropic pressures. Water warming is predicted to favour harmful algal blooms (HABs) that are toxic to people and animals (Paerl et al, 2019; Chapra et al, 2017). Warming tends to increase the thermal stratification of lakes and reduce turnovers, which can lead to oxygen depletion in deep layers (Rogora et al, 2018) and release of toxic gases (methane, hydrogen sulphide) from sediments (Woolway et al, 2021). Environmental issues including HABs and changes in lake stratification due to warming, call for a shift towards monitoring approaches that allow higherfrequency (e.g. hourly or sub-hourly) automatic collection of key water-quality properties (e.g. algal pigments, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (Salmaso et al, 2020)). This development should not increase the cost of monitoring, which is very often a limiting factor in lake management
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