Abstract
Sediments of the Middle and Late Miocene (about 16-5.3 Ma) are widespread in the area of Avala Mt. and its vicinity. As a rule, they contain abundant and diverse fossilized representatives of macro and micro fauna that existed during the Middle Miocene in the Paratethys (Rakovica stream, Leštane, Torlak, Kumodraž, Zavojnica River valley, Vrčin). Rich fossil assemblages consist mainly of algae, foraminifers, ostracods, mollusks, corals, bryozoans, echinoderms and crabs as well as otoliths and jaws of fish. Although marine organisms are not found in the Late Miocene sediments, there are numerous and diverse representatives of endemic fauna from the ancient Lake Pannon. The most important sites of Middle and Late Miocene deposits are located at the Torlak hill, in Vrčin, Zuce, Karagača, Beli Potok and Konopljište. They are significant not only for the stratigraphic-paleontological studies, paleogeographic and geodynamic reconstructions during the Miocene but also as valuable geodiversity and geoheritage objects.
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