Abstract
With the advent of 5G mobile communications at millimeter-wave frequencies, the assessment of the maximum averaged power density on numerous surfaces close to the transmitter will become a requirement. This makes phasor knowledge about the electric and magnetic fields an inevitable requirement. To avoid the burdensome measurement of these field quantities in the entire volume of interest, phase reconstruction algorithms from measurements over a plane in the far-field region are being extensively developed. In this paper, we extended the previously developed method of phase reconstruction to evaluate the near and far-field of sources with bounded uncertainty, which is robust with respect to noisy data and optimized for a minimal number of measurement points at a distance as close as λ /5 from the source. The proposed procedure takes advantage of field integral equations and electric field measurements with the EUmmWVx probe to evaluate the field phasors close to the radiation source and subsequently obtain the field values in the whole region of interest with minimal computation and measurement costs. The main constraints are the maximal noise level regarding the peak electric field and measurement plane size with respect to the percentage of transmitted power content. The measurement of a third plane overcomes some of the noise issues. The method was evaluated by simulations of a wide range of antennas at different noise levels and at different distances and by measurements of four different antennas. A successful reconstruction in the near and far-field was achieved both qualitatively and quantitatively for distances between 2.5–150 mm from the antenna and noise levels of −24 dB from the peak. The deviation of reconstruction from the simulation reference for the peak spatial-average power density with an averaging area of 1 cm 2 was, in all cases, well within the uncertainty budget of 0.6 dB, if the reconstruction planes captured >95% of the total radiated power. The proposed new method is very promising for compliance assessment and can reduce test time considerably.
Highlights
Exposure assessment above 10 GHz is typically done by evaluating the power density (PD) at the exposure plane [1,2], which can be obtained through the electric (E-) and magnetic (H-) fields at that plane
This paper presents a forward transformation (FT) approach to reconstruct the electromagnetic field (EMF) in the full half-space above a measurement plane that is placed at a distance of 2 mm from the antenna under test (AUT)
When noise is added to the emulated measurements–in this example, at a level of −24 dB as described in Section 6 (Figure 5c,g)—the field gets distorted visibly, as can be observed in Figure 7; the error in the psPDtot in this example is −0.08 dB
Summary
Exposure assessment above 10 GHz is typically done by evaluating the power density (PD) at the exposure plane [1,2], which can be obtained through the electric (E-) and magnetic (H-) fields at that plane. To determine the safe operating distance, knowledge about the field in the full volume away from the AUT is required Such knowledge is valuable for the research and development of radiating (millimeter-wave) devices. The plane of equivalent currents is placed at the measurement plane very close to the AUT, where the availability of amplitude information of the E-field drastically facilitates the solution of the resulting inverse-source problem. This is in contrast to the source reconstruction methods found in the literature, which typically place measurements much further away than reconstructed equivalent current sources [25,26,27].
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