Forward seismic modeling as a guide improving detailed seismic interpretation of deltaic systems: Example of the Eocene Sobrarbe delta outcrop (South-Pyrenean foreland basin, Spain), as a reference to the analogous subsurface Albian-Cenomanian Torok-Nanushuk Delta of the Colville Basin (NPRA, USA)

Abstract

Abstract A forward seismic model of the Middle Eocene Sobrarbe delta outcrop (South-Pyrenees, Spain) has been made to investigate its seismic signature. The Sobrarbe delta complex corresponds to a syntectonic sedimentary wedge locally thicker than 1000 m. This 15 km-long, highly-progradational and moderately aggradational sedimentary system presents sigmoid and oblique clinoforms, characterized by slopes ranging from 0.2° to 5.7°. Along the clinoforms, the classical deltaic depositional environments grade progressively from one to the other: alluvial plain, delta plain, delta front and prodelta. Locally, specific carbonate deposits occur, corresponding to transgressive pulses. The transition from delta front to prodelta is locally marked by large slide scars affecting clinoform morphology. A detailed outcrop transect of the Sobrarbe delta was converted to an acoustic impedance model by assigning petrophysical properties to each geological facies. This model was then used to create synthetic seismic lines characterized by various input wavelets. The resulting various peak frequency synthetic seismic lines have been interpreted, and the seismic interpretation compared to the outcrop description to calibrate the seismic interpretation and assess the “limits” of that interpretation. This work shows that the “seismic stratigraphy” methodology is consistent and allows the correct interpretation of most seismic sequences. However, composite reflections from rapid lateral facies transitions and higher-frequency sequence boundaries can clearly lead to seismic interpretation mistakes. The seismic facies of seven facies associations have been described, providing guidelines to recognize them on actual seismic lines. The synthetic seismic image of four selected systems tracts comprising good reservoir bodies has been analyzed to highlight recognition criteria which can be used to interpret analog deltaic systems in the subsurface, and therefore enhance the prediction and characterization of the reservoir bodies that they hold. These guidelines were systematically applied to a direct subsurface analog: the Torok-Nanushuk Delta (Colville Basin, NPRA, USA).