Abstract
Abstract. The current version of the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) is presented. DALES is a large-eddy simulation code designed for studies of the physics of the atmospheric boundary layer, including convective and stable boundary layers as well as cloudy boundary layers. In addition, DALES can be used for studies of more specific cases, such as flow over sloping or heterogeneous terrain, and dispersion of inert and chemically active species. This paper contains an extensive description of the physical and numerical formulation of the code, and gives an overview of its applications and accomplishments in recent years.
Highlights
Modern atmospheric research relies on a spectrum of observational and modeling tools
Notable changes in comparison with the version that has been described by Cuijpers and Duynkerke (1993) include: different time integration and advection schemes, revised subfilter-scale, surface and radiation schemes, addition of a cloud-microphysical scheme, capabilities for chemical reactive scalar transport and for Lagrangian particle dispersion, for flow over heterogeneous and for flow over sloping terrain
For each prognostic variable modified in microphysics, the source term due to microphysical processes Smcr can be described as effects of autoconversion, accretion, rain drop selfcollection, break-up, rain sedimentation, cloud droplet sedimentation, and of rain evaporation: Sqmt cr = Sqatu+ Sqatcc+
Summary
Modern atmospheric research relies on a spectrum of observational and modeling tools. The principle of LES is to resolve the turbulent scales larger than a certain filter width, and to parameterize the smaller, less energetic scales This filter width, in practical applications often a function of the grid size of the LES, and ranges typically between 1 m for stably stratified boundary layers, to 50 m for simulations of the cloud-topped ABL. The Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) has joined virtually all of the intercomparisons mentioned in the previous paragraph Beyond these intercomparison studies, that discuss convective, stable and cloud-topped boundary layers, DALES has been used on a wide range of topics, such as for studies of shear driven flow, of heterogeneous surfaces, of dispersion and of turbulent reacting flows in the ABL, and of flow over sloped terrain.
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