Abstract
The estimation of ship resistance in ice is a fundamental area of research and poses a substantial challenge for the design and safe use of ships in ice-covered waters. In order to estimate the ice resistance with greater reliability, we develop in this paper an improved Lindqvist formulation for the estimation of bending resistance in level ice based on the superposition of double-plates. In the developed method, an approximate model of an ice sheet is firstly presented by idealizing ice sheeta as the combination of a semi-infinite elastic plate and an infinite one resting on an elastic foundation. The Mohr–Coulomb criterion is then introduced to determine the ice sheet’s failure. Finally, an improved Lindqvist formulation for estimation of ice resistance is proposed. The accuracy of the developed formulation is validated using full-scale test data of the ship KV Svalbard in Norway, testing the model as well as the numerical method. The effect of ice thickness, stem angle and breadth of bow on ship resistance is further investigated by means of the developed formulation.
Highlights
Global warming may cause the Arctic ice cover to shrink, i.e., to reduce its extent and its average thickness
Most of the available methods used to determine the ship resistance in level ice can generally be categorized into three groups: empirical models [3,4,5,6], numerical models [7,8,9,10] and experimental models [11,12,13]
When a ship advances in a large ice floe, the ice forces on the hull will increase by increasing the penetration depth up to a limit set by the failure of the ice sheet
Summary
Global warming may cause the Arctic ice cover to shrink, i.e., to reduce its extent and its average thickness. A modification of the Lindqvist empirical model was proposed by Riska et al, who based the formulation of ice resistance on the assumption that the resistances in open water and ice can be separated and superimposed to obtain the total resistance [13,16] Their model can be used for calculating resistance in level ice, with the velocity-related empirical coefficients derived from the full-scale data of a number of ships in the Baltic Sea. The concept of energy consideration was introduced to estimate the ice resistance of a ship.
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