Formulation and Evaluation of Novel Chondroitin Sulphate Based Hydrogel Containing Green- Synthesised Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles for Treatment of Osteomyelitis- An in Vitro Study

Abstract

Musculoskeletal infections, particularly osteomyelitis (OM), pose a significant challenge for patients, healthcare providers, and the healthcare system overall. Osteomyelitis of the jaw is characterized by exposed bone in the mouth that does not heal despite adequate treatment. It involves inflammation of the bone cortex and marrow, typically arising in the jaw following a chronic infection. Given the persistent nature of osteomyelitis (OM), along with its expensive and prolonged treatment process and high rates of disability, there is an urgent need for better treatment approaches. While some therapies, including vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been explored, the standard treatment for OM continues to rely on identifying bacterial species, using appropriate antibiotics, removing implants, performing extensive debridement, and administering systemic antibiotics for 4 to 6 weeks. However, issues like inadequate local antibiotic concentrations due to local blood supply and various bacterial resistance mechanisms often limit the effectiveness of systemic treatments. This approach allows for higher concentrations of drugs to be delivered directly to the affected area while minimizing side effects. To lower the reinfection rate in chronic osteomyelitis treatment, the drug delivery system should be biodegradable, eliminating the need for material removal after therapy. Hence the aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate a novel chondroitin sulphate based hydrogel containing magnesium oxide nanoparticles for treatment of osteomyelitis