Abstract
This study investigates the efficacy of chemically modified bone adhesive as a formaldehyde‐free binder for wood‐based industries. Two different types of adhesive are formulated after chemical modification of bone powder using sulfuric acid (0.5 m) and polyvinyl acetate (PVA). Gel time, solid content, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), viscosity, and single lap joint test for shear strength are analyzed in order to assess the adhesive properties. To analyze the efficacy of the formulated adhesive, particleboards are fabricated using boiled and unboiled sugarcane bagasse. The physical and mechanical properties of the fabricated panels are measured following ASTM standards. It is found that adhesive Type C (T‐C) has the shortest gel time of 4.2 min for the highest shear strength, i.e., 5.31 MPa. The particleboard (BTC‐2) fabricated using T‐C adhesive shows a highest density of 0.73 g cm−3, a modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 1975 N mm−2, and a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 11.80 N mm−2. The dimensional stability of the fabricated particleboards does not follow the standard requirements; however, further study might be helpful for using the chemically modified bone adhesive as a biobased adhesive.
Highlights
In recent decades, environmental conof adhesive are formulated after chemical modification of bone powder using sulfuric acid (0.5 m) and polyvinyl acetate (PVA)
Most industrial adhesives are derived from fossil resources as these are typically regarded as more effective, better in terms of bonding properties, more cost–efficient,[2] and more stable for use in humid conditions.[6]
The percentage of protein increased as high as 364% for Type-B. this was increased by 220 and 267% for Type-A and Type-C, respectively
Summary
Environmental conof adhesive are formulated after chemical modification of bone powder using sulfuric acid (0.5 m) and polyvinyl acetate (PVA). Solid content, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), viscosity, and single lap joint test for shear strength are analyzed in order to assess the adhesive properties. The dimensional stability of the fabricated particleboards does not follow the standard requirements; further study might be helpful for using the chemically modified bone adhesive as a biobased adhesive. H. Akanda Senior Lecturer Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia. Akanda Senior Lecturer Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia These synthetic adhesives release volatile organic compounds (e.g., formaldehyde) and/or other toxic compounds,[6,7] which are environmental and health hazardous. Research on the modification of starch, proteins, tannins, and other biobased adhesives is being carried out by various researchers and has received much attention from scientists and industrialists.[7,8]
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