Abstract
Layer-by-layer additive manufacturing process has evolved into three-dimensional (3D) “bio-printing” as a means of constructing cell-laden functional tissue equivalents. The process typically involves the mixing of cells of interest with an appropriate hydrogel, termed as “bioink”, followed by printing and tissue maturation. An ideal bioink should have adequate mechanical, rheological, and biological features of the target tissues. However, native extracellular matrix (ECM) is made of an intricate milieu of soluble and non-soluble extracellular factors, and mimicking such a composition is challenging. To this end, here we report the formulation of a multi-component bioink composed of gelatin and alginate -based scaffolding material, as well as a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) suspension, which mimics the insoluble and soluble factors of native ECM respectively. Briefly, sodium alginate was subjected to controlled oxidation to yield alginate dialdehyde (ADA), and was mixed with gelatin and PRP in various volume ratios in the presence of borax. The formulation was systematically characterized for its gelation time, swelling, and water uptake, as well as its morphological, chemical, and rheological properties; furthermore, blood- and cytocompatibility were assessed as per ISO 10993 (International Organization for Standardization). Printability, shape fidelity, and cell-laden printing was evaluated using the RegenHU 3D Discovery bioprinter. The results indicated the successful development of ADA–gelatin–PRP based bioink for 3D bioprinting and biofabrication applications.
Highlights
With the demand for innovations and technologies to generate biomimetic organs in the field of medical technology comes the need for generation of novel three-dimensional (3D) objects that can change the face of medical science
One such innovation that has found an eminent place in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is the 3D bioprinting technology [1]
Bioinks are generated from biocompatible polymers that can be tuned for their printability, biodegradability, and better mechanical property
Summary
With the demand for innovations and technologies to generate biomimetic organs in the field of medical technology comes the need for generation of novel three-dimensional (3D) objects that can change the face of medical science One such innovation that has found an eminent place in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is the 3D bioprinting technology [1]. The resultant tissues can be used to replace, repair, or reconstruct damaged tissue/organ in the human body and fabricate 3D tissues for in vitro toxicological testing applications Such material that incorporates cells and existing hydrogel biomaterial components to fabricate scaffolds for 3D bioprinting application is called “bioink”. Bioinks are generated from biocompatible polymers that can be tuned for their printability, biodegradability, and better mechanical property They are physical scaffolds to which the cell attaches and proliferates to form a tissue construct [3]. There have been approaches using extracellular matrices and biological components, including growth factors to develop bioinks that can support cellular growth and can be used for various tissue engineering approaches [5,6]; poor mechanical properties and printability limit their uses [7]
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