Formulating research questions for evidence-based studies

Abstract

Formulating a research question is a crucial step in directing any scientific study. The classical evidence-based approach to formulating a question uses the PICO framework, consisting of population, intervention, comparison, and outcome. However, the PICO framework is not suitable for formulating research questions in some types of evidence and studies. This paper reviews and summarizes different frameworks introduced for formulating research questions over time. For this purpose, we explore the complete application of the PICO framework, clarifying its flexibility and subtleties for various research designs. Also, this review navigates the complexities of creating research questions, clarifying the minor variations needed within the PICO framework for various study designs through a thorough analysis and synthesis of the existing literature. Clarifying these customized strategies is intended to assist researchers, physicians, and scholars in appropriately formulating questions, improving the strength and relevance of research findings throughout the scientific investigation spectrum.