FORMULATING JOSEPHSON EFFECTS AND VORTICES BY REFORMULATED MAXWELL EQUATIONS

Abstract

Maxwell equations are not logical consistent. This problem is caused by the implication that the divergence and the curl of a vector are not related. Based on Chen's S - R decomposition of a rank-two tensor, this logical un-consistency is discarded and, as a consequence, the classical Maxwell equations are reformulated to deduce London equations. From boundary field point, the relations between Josephson current and outside magnetic field are established, which shows that the Josephson current is produced by vortices of boundary magnetic field. From local field point, the first London equation corresponds to the local average rotation of electric field and the second London equation corresponds to the local average rotation of magnetic field. The relation between the Josephson effects and vortices of electromagnetic fields is discussed.