Abstract
The term is widely used in studies on nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Ottoman and Balkan studies, relatively little has been written about Ottomanism as a problem in its own right compared to the impressive bibliographies on different national movements and nationalisms, as well as those on Islamism and Pan-Turkism. Traditionally the term was used to describe the identity politics in the Ottoman Empire during the reform era of the nineteenth century. Some studies say that the Ottoman identity was intended to replace the identification with the existing millets , hardly anyone from within the Ottoman space really believed that differences between peoples will disappear once the Ottoman identity was consolidated. The changing attitude towards Turkish identity in the Ottoman milieu could be most easily exemplified through language policy in the fields of public life, propaganda and education. Keywords:Islamism; millets ; Ottoman identity; Ottomanism; Pan-Turkism
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