Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the conversion of inorganic chlorine (chloride salts) to CCl bonds and subsequently chloro-organics on the surface of lignite by heat treatment at 300 °C in humid air. It is shown that a naturally chloride-rich lignite can form chloro-organics by heat treatment without added catalysts. The XPS method was used to verify CCl bonds on the lignite surface as a necessary condition of chloro-organic formation according to the so-called de novo synthesis. The chloro-organics were formed in a layer on the lignite surface with a chlorine content significantly higher than on the original surface. This implies that under the influence of air, chloride ions moved to the lignite surface, with subsequent oxidation and formation of CCl bonds on the surface, allowing subsequent release of toxic PCDDs and PCDFs.
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