Abstract
This article examines how private merchants based in the Dutch Republic, Portugal, Spain and their imperial spheres of influence joined efforts to reduce risks and maximize profits, developing various forms of cooperation in order to operate within the formal Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic empires. Based on extensive and thorough research in the collection of Notarial contracts of the Amsterdam's City Archive, the materials of the Dutch West India Company, travel accounts, and documentation from the Portuguese Inquisition and Portuguese State Papers it looks at the Amsterdam merchant community, in particular their activities in the Atlantic and western Africa between 1590 and 1674.
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