Forming Circumnuclear Disks and Rings in Galactic Nuclei: A Competition Between Supermassive Black Hole and Nuclear Star Cluster

Abstract

Abstract We investigate the formation of circumnuclear gas structures from the tidal disruption of molecular clouds in galactic nuclei by means of smoothed-particle hydrodynamics simulations. We model galactic nuclei as composed of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) and a nuclear star cluster (NSC), and consider different mass ratios between the two components. We find that the relative masses of the SMBH and the NSC have a deep impact on the morphology of the circumnuclear gas. Extended disks form only inside the sphere of influence of the SMBH. In contrast, compact rings naturally form outside the SMBH’s sphere of influence, where the gravity is dominated by the NSC. This result is in agreement with the properties of the Milky Ways circumnuclear ring, which orbits outside the SMBH sphere of influence. Our results indicate that compact circumnuclear rings can naturally form outside the SMBH sphere of influence.