Abstract
The authors combine x-ray free electron laser pulses and infrared laser pulses to characterize the femtosecond-scale electronic relaxation, ring opening and fragmentation processes on a thiophene molecule.
Highlights
Absorption of light by molecules leads to a rich variety of photochemistry and photophysics
The NIR probe acting on the pure two-hole states would, consistent with the present experimental results, be quite insensitive to such a system, and the free-electron lasers (FELs)-NIR pump-probe approach would not be a suitable one to study the dynamics in dicationic states that are prevalent after x-ray absorption in organic molecules and biomolecules
We have demonstrated how the FEL-NIR pump-probe experiments shed light on the early period of the x-rayinduced molecular dissociation of organic molecules and can be suitable for larger biomolecules
Summary
Absorption of light by molecules leads to a rich variety of photochemistry and photophysics These processes can be initiated by nonionizing absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light, such as the ubiquitous and important π → π ∗ transitions in organic molecules [1,2], by valence ionization with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation, or by deeper atomic inner-shell ionization using x rays. The latter originate from either natural or artificial sources as in medical imaging and radiotherapy. The resulting doubly ionized molecules most likely break up, releasing neutral and charged fragments
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