Formation of Superoxide Anions on Ceria Nanoparticles by Interaction of Molecular Oxygen with Ce3+ Sites

Abstract

The exposure of reduced ceria, CeO2−x, to molecular oxygen results in the formation of peroxo, O22−, and superoxo, O2−, species. The formation of diamagnetic peroxo species is easily explained by the interaction of O2 with oxygen vacancies at the ceria surface because these are two-electron-donor centers. On the contrary, the formation of the paramagnetic superoxide O2− radical cannot be explained by the same model because this complex spontaneously converts into the more stable peroxo system. On the basis of DFT calculations, we show that superoxide O2− radicals form by direct interaction of O2 with low-coordinated Ce3+ ions on reduced ceria nanoparticles and we propose an atomistic model of this system, which is fully consistent with the experimental observation.