Formation of branched plasmodesmata in regenerating Solanum nigrum-protoplasts

Abstract

During the early stages of culture, discontinuous branched half-plasmodesmata were found randomly scattered in the newly formed outer cell walls of regenerating Solanum nigrum L. protoplasts. During later culture stages, most of these “outer-wall plasmodesmata”, which had been exposed to the culture medium, disappeared, except for those near the periphery of division walls between daughter cells and those near non-division walls between secondarily associated unrelated cells. Moreover, in the peripheral parts of older division walls, there were continuous branched plasmodesmata which showed the typical morphological characteristics of secondary cell connections: several cytoplasmic strands joined in the median plane of the cell wall and were often linked by so-called median cavities. Evidence is presented that this type of continuous plasmodesma originates from the fusion of the half-plasmodesmata which persisted in the outer walls adjacent to the division wall. Due to growth of the cells after division, opposite parts of the outer walls of the daughter cells come into close contact and fuse, elongating the original division wall peripherally. Opposite half-plasmodesmata remaining in these parts of the outer wall may thereby also be brought into contact and fuse to form a continuous secondary cell connection in the secondarily coalesced wall part. Our assumption is supported by further experiments: (i) longterm video observations of living cells showed differences in the development of the shapes of regenerating cells and (ii) electron-microscopical investigations showed differences in the frequency of the, presumably secondary, cell connections in the peripheral parts of the division walls — both related to the firmness of the embedding medium. In the central parts of division walls, unbranched primary cell connections were found as well as a second type of continuous branched plasmodesma showing an entirely different branching pattern: the region of the middle lamella was always traversed by straight, unbranched parts of these plasmodesmata and the branches occurred exclusively within the younger wall layers. Evidence is given that these branches are modifications of originally unbranched primary plasmodesmata, developing during subsequent thickening of the division wall.