Formation Mechanisms of Gold–Zinc Oxide Hexagonal Nanopyramids by Heterogeneous Nucleation using Microwave Synthesis

Abstract

This work reports the development of a fast and simple "one-pot" route for the synthesis of hybrid Au-ZnO hexagonal nanopyramids by sequential homogeneous-heterogeneous nucleation steps involving both Au and Zn ions using microwave irradiation (MWI). The rapid decomposition of zinc acetate by MWI in the presence of a mixture of oleic acid (OAc) and oleylamine (OAm) results in the formation of hexagonal ZnO nanopyramids. In the presence of Au ions, the initially formed Au nanocrystals act as heterogeneous nuclei for the nucleation and growth of the ZnO nanopyramids. The Au nanoparticles promote the heterogeneous nucleation of ZnO and the formation of the hexagonal base of the ZnO nanopyramids. Using preformed Au nanoparticles instead of Au ions results in a narrow size distribution of uniform Au-ZnO nanopyramids, each consisting of a gold nanoparticle embedded in the center of the hexagonal base of the ZnO nanopyramid. We study the factors that control the nucleation and growth of these complex structures, and provide new insights into the stepwise homogeneous-heterogeneous mechanism and the conventional heterogeneous nucleation on preformed Au nanoparticles. The formation of the hetero nanostructures Au-ZnO nanopyramids is strongly dependent on the molar ratios of OAc to OAm. The presence of OAc with a considerable dipole moment results in strong electrostatic interaction with the polar surfaces of the growing ZnO nanocrystals thus resulting in slowing the growth rate of the polar planes and allowing the formation of well-developed facets. In the absence of Au nanoparticles, a high concentration of zinc acetate and longer MWI times are required for the production of the nanopyramids. The gold nanoparticles could provide the metallic contact points within the hybrid nanopyramids which could facilitate the bottom-up assembly of Au-ZnO devices. Furthermore, the Au-ZnO nanopyramids could have improved performance in solar energy conversion and photocatalysis.