Abstract
The formation mechanisms and pathways of intermediate water in the Southern Ocean are analyzed from output of a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model. Deep winter mixed layer formation in the Southern Ocean is diagnosed from the model results and is found to be mostly consistent with observations. Diapycnal water mass transformations by air‐sea fluxes and internal mixing are quantified and split into mean and eddy components. The diapycnal formation of the water masses that constitute the Antarctic intermediate water layer in the southeast Pacific is found to occur mainly in the western Pacific Ocean in this model. In winter, convection up to 900 m is found to set the potential vorticity characteristics of this layer. Eddy fluxes of heat and buoyancy play an important role in the formation of the intermediate waters by transferring water from the southern parts of the subtropical gyres into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and vice versa. The effects of eddy fluxes are found to vary significantly along the path of the ACC. They are strongly concentrated in the regions near the Agulhas Return Current in the Indian Ocean and the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence in the Atlantic.
Highlights
Introduction andBackground[2] In recent years, the importance of the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the global ocean circulation has become clear
The crucial role played by the intermediate waters of the Southern Ocean in the transformation of cold North Atlantic deep water into warmer thermocline waters justifies a thorough investigation of the pathways and formation mechanisms of these waters
In this paper we show that this is the case in the Parallel Ocean Circulation Model (POCM) simulation
Summary
Received 1 March 2004; revised 30 December 2005; accepted 13 February 2006; published 13 June 2006. Deep winter mixed layer formation in the Southern Ocean is diagnosed from the model results and is found to be mostly consistent with observations. The diapycnal formation of the water masses that constitute the Antarctic intermediate water layer in the southeast Pacific is found to occur mainly in the western Pacific Ocean in this model. Eddy fluxes of heat and buoyancy play an important role in the formation of the intermediate waters by transferring water from the southern parts of the subtropical gyres into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and vice versa. The effects of eddy fluxes are found to vary significantly along the path of the ACC
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