Abstract
Abstract In his early work Jean Piaget (1896–1980) concentrated on cognitive development during infancy and childhood. It was not until the publication of The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence that he discussed in detail cognitive development during adolescence and the stage known as formal operations. At that time he maintained that the stages of cognitive development were invariant in sequence and universal. Only one other work was devoted to formal operations, which was published many years later in the journal Human Development . For Piaget formal operations includes abstract reasoning, and the ability to see multiple possibilities when solving a problem. When a child enters formal operations, which Piaget originally argued begins at about age 11 years, thought also becomes increasingly logical and flexible.
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