FORKED1 encodes a PH domain protein that is required for PIN1 localization in developing leaf veins

Abstract

The formation of Arabidopsis leaf veins is believed to require canalization of auxin into discrete and continuous cell files to generate a highly reproducible branched and reticulate pattern. During canalization, incipient veins become preferred routes for auxin transport through expression and asymmetric localization of the PINFORMED1 (PIN1) auxin efflux protein: PIN1 expression narrows from a group of cells to a single cell file, and localization of PIN1 protein becomes polarized to the cell membrane facing a previously formed vein. The shift in PIN1 localization is believed to require active vesicle cycling and be auxin-dependent, generating an autoregulatory loop. Previously, we have shown that fkd1 mutant leaves have an open vein pattern that lacks distal vein meeting. Here, we identify FKD1 as encoding a pleckstrin homology domain- and DUF828-containing protein. A fusion of the FKD1 promoter and the GUS reporter gene was expressed in vascular tissue throughout the plant, and its expression in incipient veins in leaves narrows in a manner similar to that of PIN1. FKD1 expression in roots and leaves can be altered by changes to auxin response and auxin transport. In the absence of FKD1, PIN1::GFP narrowing to incipient veins is delayed, and localization to the apical cell face is infrequent. The lack of apical PIN1 localization correlates with the failure of newly forming veins to connect distally with previously formed veins. Our data suggest that FKD1 influences PIN1 localization in an auxin-dependent manner, and we propose that it represents a key component of the auxin canalization pathway.