Abstract
Introduction 1. From civil war to democracy: improbable transitions in oligarchic societies Part I. El Salvador's Path to Democracy: 2. From conservative modernization to civil war 3. The structural foundation of a pact: the transformation of elite interests 4. Negotiating a democratic transition to end civil war Part II. From Racial Oligarchy to Pluralist Democracy in South Africa: 5. Apartheid, conservative modernization, and resistance 6. The challenge to elite economic interests 7. From recalcitrance to compromise Conclusion 8. The insurgent path to democracy in oligarchic societies Epilogue: the legacy of democracy forged from below.
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