Abstract
Latin America with its considerable North-South extent is subject to climate that varies from tropical, subtropical and warm temperate to temperate. Different agricultural products are produced in the area including cereals, oilseeds, beans, fruits and nuts together with animal production including cattle for beef and milk, pigs, poultry and fish. The heterogeneity of agriculture in Latin America is reflected in the diversity of the region’s farm structures. While agriculture in the Southern Cone is dominated by large, commercial and export-oriented farms, particularly in Argentina and Brazil, besides increasingly in other countries like Uruguay, much of the rest of the region is characterised by smallholder and family agriculture. The contamination of agricultural products with mycotoxins has impact both human and animal health, as well as the economy due to losses related to rejections of agricultural products and by-products during trade. The economic burden related to the consumption of mycotoxins by animals is especially important, causing productivity losses up to the death of animals. The relevant mycotoxins are fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in cereals and cereal-based products, aflatoxins in cereals, oily seeds and nuts, aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products as well as ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee, grapes and raisins. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins has also been observed mainly with aflatoxins and fumonisins in different Latin American countries (Torreset al., 2015). Advances on legislation in different countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay have been done to establish maximum limits for mycotoxins including aflatoxins, DON, ZEN, OTA, patulin and ergot alkaloids (ANVISA, 2011/2017; CAA, 2019/2021, Norma Oficial Mexicana, N.-243-S., 2010/2010; Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos, 2013).
Highlights
Latin America with its considerable North-South extent is subject to climate that varies from tropical, subtropical and warm temperate to temperate
The importance to continue the efforts on research activities regarding to the development of new tools to reduce the mycotoxins in the maize food and feed chains will be crucial in the Latin American countries
Mallmann et al (2021) surveyed DDGS samples produced in Brazil for aflatoxins, fumonisins, ZEN, DON and ochratoxin A (OTA)
Summary
Latin America with its considerable North-South extent is subject to climate that varies from tropical, subtropical and warm temperate to temperate. The importance to continue the efforts on research activities regarding to the development of new tools to reduce the mycotoxins in the maize food and feed chains will be crucial in the Latin American countries. This is due to the importance of this crop for the producers and exporter countries, and due to the use of maize-based food and feed for human and animal diets. Since the production of bioethanol based on maize is increasing in Latin America, monitoring the occurrence of mycotoxins in DDGS is relevant to mitigate the impact of these ingredients in animal mycotoxicoses. Gibellato et al (2021) described the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies for prevention and reduction of aflatoxin contamination in different crops
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