Forested riparian buffer environmental variables are more important than size for species functional diversity in production forests

Abstract

Retention of forested buffers around streams following forest cutting operations is a common management technique used to protect aquatic resources and conserve the surrounding ecosystem services. Species richness, or α-diversity, is commonly used as an indicator of the effects of forestry management although it provides very little information about those effects on ecosystem processes and function. Functional diversity links species traits and ecosystem function incorporating species diversity, community composition, and functional guild and is more suitable to investigate the direct and indirect effects of forestry on ecosystem function. We sampled spiders and vascular plants in buffered and unbuffered stream-forest systems in southern Sweden and used a trait-based approach to assess the effects of buffer size and environmental variables on functional diversity. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the effects of buffer size and condition on spider and vascular plant diversity. We found no effect of buffer size on the functional richness or functional redundancy for spiders or vascular plants. Buffer size had a slight effect on the α-diversity of spiders within small buffers and fully forested sites but the effect was small. Other buffer variables including canopy closure, buffer density, bare ground coverage, and soil fertility had direct effects on spider and vascular plant functional diversity. The main driver of functional richness was α-diversity, but our SEM analysis illustrated other environmental variables working jointly to drive functional diversity. Using a trait-based approach, we showed that forested buffers have a minimal overall impact on spider and vascular plant functional diversity. However, it is important to maintain high levels of α-diversity to preserve and promote both spider and plant functional richness in production forests and we suggest that forest management conserves and encourages high levels of α-diversity to increase overall functional diversity.