Forest Plant Water Utilization and the Eco-Hydrological Regulation in the Karst Desertification Control Drainage Area

Abstract

Subtropical forests in southwestern karst areas are the top priority for ecosystem restoration, as studying the water absorption strategies of the major plants in these regions is crucial to determining the species distribution and coexistences within these seasonal subtropical forests, which will help us to cope with the forest ecosystem crisis under future climate change. We used the stable isotope ratios (δD and δ18O) of tree xylem and soil water to assess the seasonal changes in the water use patterns and hydrological niche separations of four dominant tree species in seasonal subtropical forests in southwestern karst areas. The results showed that the soil water’s isotopic composition varied gradiently in the vertical direction and that the variation of the soil water’s isotopic composition was greater in the shallow layer than in its depths. Juglans regia (HT) mainly depended on soil water at a depth of 30–60 cm (41.8 ± 6.86%) and fissure water (32.5 ± 4.21%), while Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (HJ) and Eriobotrya japonica Lindl (PP) had the same water use pattern. In the dry season, HT competed with HJ and PP for water resources, and in the rainy season, HJ and PP competed with Lonicera japonica (JYH), while HJ competed with PP all the time. JYH and HT were in a separate state of hydrologic niche and they did not pose a threat to each other. Coexisting trees are largely separated along a single hydrological niche axis that is defined by their differences in root depth, which are closely related to tree size. Our results support the theory of hydrological niche isolation and its potential responses in relation to drought resistance. This study provides a method for determining more efficient plant combinations within karst forest vegetation habitats and its results will have important implications for ecosystem vegetation restoration.