Abstract
The concept of pest management in forestry is not new. In particular, the argument that destructive insects are an integral part of forest ecosystems, that they have significant economic and social impacts as well as ecological effects on forest productivity and values, and that the adverse impacts should be prevented or kept at tolerable levels by ecologically sound means, which are compatible with forest management objectives and practices, has been put forth as a basic tenet of forest protection since before the turn of the century (46, 120). Although most treatises in the 1 800s about insects injurious to forest trees dealt with general biology and taxonomy (e.g. 74, 83, 132), many typically provided additional ecological information, includ ing observations of damage and possible consequences to tree growth and forest development (e.g. 68, 122, 127). Early texts on forest entomology generally described the close relationship between man's activities in the forest and the occurrence and intensity of insect depredations (e.g. 9, 44, 53). Insect-caused damage to forests was more explicitly defined in terms of its economic effects and disruptive influence on forest management schedules and operations in North America by Hopkins (70), Pearce (125), Swaine (159), and Craighead (35), among others.
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