Abstract
Abstract Forest products companies undertake landscape planning to demonstrate the compatibility of forest management with ecological functions, to develop management systems that are more compatible with nonfinancial objectives, and to explore viable alternatives to restrictive regulations. Because of scientific and economic uncertainties, however, the overall planning problem has no computational solution. Three companies that developed management plans for Pacific Northwest landscapes found habitat conservation plans expensive and difficult to develop and implement, with unclear benefits. More effective landscape-level forest management will require (1) more research on species–habitat relationships and models, (2) research on the cost-effectiveness of silvicultural prescriptions for enhancing noncommercial resources, (3) a risk-based metric for computing tradeoffs among wildlife species and determining reasonable mitigation expenditures, and (4) a best-available-technology approach to formalize methods that produce predictable conservation results.
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