Abstract
The objectives of this review paper are to provide an overview of issues related to forest health and forest entomology, explain existing methods for forest insect pest detection, and provide background information on a case study of emerald ash borer. Early detection of potentially invasive insect species is a key aspect of preventing these species from causing damage. Invasion management efforts are typically more feasible and efficient if they are applied as early as possible. Two proposed approaches for detection are highlighted and include dendroentomology and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Dendroentomology utilizes tree ring principles to identify the years of outbreak and the dynamics of past insect herbivory on trees. NIR has been successfully used for assessing various forest health concerns (primarily hyperspectral imaging) and decay in trees. Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis), is a non-native beetle responsible for widespread mortality of several North American ash species (Fraxinus sp.). Current non-destructive methods for early detection of EAB in specific trees are limited, which restricts the effectiveness of management efforts. Ongoing research efforts are focused on developing methods for early detection of emerald ash borer.
Highlights
Non-native, invasive species are one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecosystem stability worldwide [1,2]
Examples of exotic insect species considered to be invasive in North American forests include: emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.), and hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) [2,7]
As current detection methods for individual trees are often destructive, this review evaluated the potential of two non-destructive methods as indicators of emerald ash borer infestation
Summary
Non-native, invasive species are one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecosystem stability worldwide [1,2]. The vast majority of exotic introductions fail to establish or have little impact, but some are considered invasive if they cause catastrophic changes to ecosystem structure and function [1,4]. The term invasive is typically associated with non-native species causing severe damage, many introduced species are not considered invasive in their new habitat. While select species of nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses, plants, animals, insects and other arthropods have all been classified as non-native, invasive species, the main focus of this paper will be on invasive, forest insects. Examples of exotic insect species considered to be invasive in North American forests include: emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis), gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.), and hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) [2,7]. Resources 2016, 5, 18 existing techniques for forest insect pest detection, and provide background information on a case study of emerald ash borer
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