Abstract
Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) are one of the most diverse plant groups worldwide but one of the least studied in temperate forests from an ecological perspective. In comparison to vascular plants, bryophytes have a broader distribution and a longer altitudinal gradient, and their influence on the landscape is poorly understood. The objective was to evaluate environmental drivers that can influence bryophyte cover, richness, diversity, and nestedness in different forest canopy compositions in two typical landscapes across the natural distribution of bryophytes in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Three natural Nothofagus forest types (pure deciduous, pure evergreen, and mixed deciduous-evergreen) in two landscapes (coasts < 100 m.a.s.l. and mountains > 400 m.a.s.l.) were selected (N = 60 plots). In each plot, we established one transect (10 m length) to measure bryophyte cover (point-intercept method). Data were evaluated using generalized linear mixed models and multivariate analyses. The studied environmental drivers were mainly explained by the microclimate, with higher effective annual precipitation and relative air humidity in the coastal forests and higher soil moisture in the mountain forests. Greater liverwort richness was found in evergreen forests at the mountain (9 species) than at the coastal, while mosses showed higher richness in mixed deciduous-evergreen forests at the coastal (11 species) than at the mountain. However, the expected richness according to the rarefaction/extrapolation curves suggested that it is possible to record additional species, except for liverworts in pure deciduous forests on the coasts. Similarities and differences among the studied forest types and among plots of the same forest type and landscape were detected. These differences in the studied indexes (similarity that varied between 0 and 1) ranged from 0.09–0.48 for liverworts and 0.05–0.65 for mosses. Moreover, these results indicated that pure evergreen and mixed deciduous-evergreen forests presented higher moss cover (10.7% and 10.0%, respectively), mainly in the mountains than on the coast. These outputs highlight the need to explore differences at greater altitudinal ranges to achieve sustainability objectives conservation planning for bryophytes in southernmost forests.
Highlights
Bryophytes are distributed globally, occur in all terrestrial ecosystems [1] and are one of the earliest and most diversified groups of land plants, constituting one of the most important components of vegetation diversity [2]
Our results are in agreement with previous findings of studies conducted on other continents (e.g., North America, Europe and Asia), where bryophyte cover, richness and diversity varies among forest types or stand conditions due to specific biotic and abiotic drivers [1, 6, 8, 55, 56]
Our study showed that the relative air humidity was higher on the coasts than in mountains, and this variable most influenced the cover, richness and diversity of bryophytes, while soil moisture better explained the specific composition of forests in the mountains
Summary
Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) are distributed globally, occur in all terrestrial ecosystems [1] and are one of the earliest and most diversified groups of land plants, constituting one of the most important components of vegetation diversity [2]. In forests, bryophytes play crucial ecological functions as primary producers (e.g., carbon and nutrients cycle, water balance) [5,6,7,8]. Bryophytes are smaller than vascular plants and are often ignored in ecological studies [1, 9] and are usually only included during floristic surveys [1]. Forest research on the diversity and distribution of bryophytes has increased in recent years due to their role in ecosystem functioning and their potential influence on climate change [4, 10, 11]
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