Abstract
The information system has been designed to ensure the analysis of information on the monitoring results of the wind power plant (WPP) territory using the route census method. The database contains 48 fields, reflecting the monitoring results of birds’ behavior in the territory of WPP and processing the initial data: year, month and day of observation, a number of birds of this species, flight altitude, flight speed, direction of flight, coordinates of the bird registration point on the Google-map, average number of birds flying over the territory of the wind park at a given time, coordinates of the points of intersection of the bird flight path with the perimeter of the wind park or observation site, the length of bird flight path over the observation site, and other parameters. The analysis of distribution of birds in the territory of the “Primorsk-1” WPP according to the types of migration (forage, transit, nesting, and ground), direction of flight and altitude characteristics has been carried out. The total number of registered birds was 8927 specimens of 72 species, of which 802 specimens of 11 species were referred to the transit type, 2511 specimens of 32 species – to the forage type, 5614 specimens of 60 species were on the ground (ground type). Most birds (63%) belong to the ground type. 28% of birds were registered in the forage group, 9.0% of birds were flying in transit. The greatest activity of birds is manifested in the autumn migration season, when the transit group accounts for 77% of all annual transit flights. The proportion of birds of forage and ground types, registered in autumn, is 68% and 74%, respectively, of the total number of birds registered in autumn. In the group of ground birds, the overwhelming majority of specimens belong to the period of autumn migration (4141 birds or 74%). The least number was observed in the winter season (317 birds or 5.6%). The author proposes a mathematical model for analyzing birds’ interaction with turbines using the results of monitoring the territory of wind power plants by means of route census method. The model makes it possible to obtain information on the probability of different species of bird collisions with wind wheels and the number of collisions with turbines, depending on the flight characteristics of birds, parameters of wind parks and observation conditions in different seasons. In the risk zone of birds’ interaction with turbines, only specimens of one species, Buteo buteo, were observed. The calculated probability of one bird collision when passing through the wind wheel is 0.19. The anticipated number of bird collisions with turbines during one year of the “Primorsk-1” wind park functioning is in the range of 5.6÷6.7 specimens.
Highlights
The intensive development of wind energy has a certain impact on the environmental situation, especially noticeable in cases where wind power plants are located in places where bird communities are concentrated
The total number of registered birds was 8927 specimens of 72 species, of which 802 specimens of 11 species were of the transit type, 2511 specimens of 32 were of the forage type, 5614 specimens of 60 species were of the ground. 4 birds Buteo buteo were registered in the risk zone of the collision with turbines (RZ)
The greatest activity of birds is manifested in the autumn migration season, when the transit group accounts for 77% of all annual transit flights
Summary
The intensive development of wind energy has a certain impact on the environmental situation, especially noticeable in cases where wind power plants are located in places where bird communities are concentrated. According to the data [17], eleven wind power plants at the Spanish station in Navarro 20.6 vultures and several thousand of small birds are killed by one turbine annually. In two regions of Spain in the period from 1993 to 2016 the number of dead birds of 170 species and bats were 10,017 specimens [23]. Winkelman [27] reports that mortality rates of large birds on the coast are estimated at 2.4-56.2, and for passerines at 2.1-63.8 specimens/ turbine/year. In the territory of the wind power plant in the United States, 140.000-328.000 birds [18] and 0.5÷1.6 million bats [8] die annually
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