Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare (1) technological factors (the ranges offered by the batteries of three popular electric vehicles in Poland); (2) infrastructure improvements; and (3) demographic changes and their impact on accessibility in the context of the ranges of labor markets within the 30, 60, and 90 min isochrones in moderate driving mode for the five largest cities in Poland using cumulative accessibility. We conclude that technological developments result in a much greater improvement in accessibility than demographic and infrastructural change. This is already visible with the 30 to 60 min isochrones, in particular when using the BMW in Cracow (with a more than 36% improvement in accessibility). Even greater changes, reaching as much as over 90%, are observed for the 60–90 min isochrones. The analysis shows that the shift in electromobility may be constrained by parallel demographic processes, dispersion of population in suburban areas, and the development of road infrastructure. The novelty of the approach stems from the fact that it is based on three above mentioned key factors that influence the accessibility of labor markets for EV users in the largest cities up to 2030.
Highlights
The development of electromobility is perceived in technological or cultural terms as a change in consumer behavior
In the case of the labor market, cumulative accessibility may pertain to the number of jobs accessible within a given isochrone from the place of residence [31], or the size of the working age population available within an isochrone from the point identified as the city center [32]
∑ j =1 BjOjj where cumulative accessibility Ai means accessibility measured from a given point/zone i to activities Oj, where Bj takes the binary value of 1 if the place of residence is within a predefined time threshold and 0 if it is beyond the time threshold
Summary
The development of electromobility is perceived in technological or cultural terms as a change in consumer behavior. In spatio-functional systems, technological developments in transport go hand in hand with other socio-economic processes, including demographic transformations, the expansion of infrastructure, the situation on the labor market, and quality of life, which is increasingly reflected by the availability of public services. It seems advisable to analyze the spatial conditions for the development of electromobility, which can be measured conveniently using accessibility indicators. This is of great practical importance as an input into spatial planning, especially for planning transport infrastructure [1]. Unlike other vehicles, the still relatively short range of EVs is considered to be a major barrier to their popularization and choice by consumers [3,4,5,6] (for an overview of consumer preferences in choosing EVs, including the importance of their range, see: Liao et al [5])
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