Abstract
Forces between negatively charged silica particles in aqueous electrolyte solutions were measured with the colloidal probe technique based on the atomic force microscope (AFM). The present study focuses on the comparison of monovalent and multivalent counterions, namely K+, Mg2+, and La3+. The force profiles can be well described with the theory of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) down to distances of about 4nm. At smaller distances, the forces become strongly repulsive due to additional non-DLVO repulsion. In the presence of La3+, one observes an additional attractive force with a range of about 1nm at intermediate salt concentrations. This force is probably related to ion-ion correlations, but could also be influenced by surface charge heterogeneities or charge fluctuation forces.
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