Abstract
In this study, we determined whether needle advancement during needle-nerve contact (forced needle-nerve contact) is associated with a higher risk of nerve injury compared with needle-nerve contact without needle advancement (nonforced needle-nerve contact). In 8 anesthetized pigs, the brachial plexus nerves underwent forced (0.15 Newton) or nonforced (0.0 Newton) needle-nerve contact without nerve penetration. The grade of nerve injury was histologically assessed using an objective score ranging from 0 (no injury) to 4 (severe injury). Sixty-nine nerves, including controls, were examined. Histology revealed a significant difference between forced and nonforced needle-nerve contact (median [interquartile range] 3 [2-4] vs 2 [1-2]; P = 0.004). Myelin damage and intraneural hematoma occurred only after forced needle-nerve contact. The severity of structural nerve injury after needle-nerve contact was directly related to force exposure via needle advancement.
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