For an integrated and sustainable management of solid urban waste: an approach based on the theory of social costs

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It is widely accepted that solid waste management is a global problem. This problem is even more pronounced in developing countries such as Nigeria where solid waste management is a major concern. In recent times, however, there has been a concerted effort towards engaging members of the public in solving the waste management crisis. This effort is centred on public participation in sustainable waste management practice across the country. Nevertheless, in Abuja there seems to be low public participation in sustainable wastes and environmental management practice. This paper therefore seeks to investigate the rate of participation in sustainable waste and environmental management activities in Abuja. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the paper relied on a sample of 57 participants to obtain some primary data. The paper employed a mixed method approach with the aid of a questionnaire. The questions were designed to gather data on demographics of the participants, their awareness and attitude to sustainable waste management, the barriers preventing public participation in a sustainable solid waste management and measures that can encourage public participation in sustainable waste management in Abuja. The study revealed that increase funding, provision of recycling collection points, enforcement of laws and policies, the development of effective policies and regulatory framework amongst others are some of the measures that can encourage public participation in sustainable waste management programs in Abuja.

Purpose: Community participation in solid waste management is currently seen as a determinant of successful solid waste management. Cases of failed solid waste management are common in areas where the waste management is regarded as a responsibility of local authorities while the community remains indifferent. Research has shown that public participation in solid waste management is marginal in most African countries. The study was aimed at analysing the residents’ participation in solid waste management in Solwezi. Results are cardinal in designing more sustainable waste management strategies.
 Methodology: It utilized systematic random sampling to sample 77 households of which 28 were from Kyawama Township, 23 from Stadium and 26 were from Kandundu Townships. Structured interviews, key informant interviews and observations were used to collect data on methods of waste disposal, residents’ perceptions of solid waste management services available, and their willingness to pay for sustainable solid waste management. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, chi-square, Pearson product-moment correlation and content analysis.
 Findings: Results showed that 65 % of the residents felt that they did not participate in any formal waste management practices. The 35 % who admitted to being participants felt they did this through waste separation, reuse and through their engaging a formal waste collector. In Solwezi, burying of waste (44.2 %) was the dominant waste management practice followed by formal waste collection (35 %) and burning (19.4 %)., while informal waste collectors accounted for 2.6 % of waste disposed of and 1.3 % of waste was disposed of through communal rubbish bins. Solwezi had very low participation of the residents in formal waste collection services with some residents not aware of the existence of such a service in the town (31.2 %). Among barriers to community engagement in solid waste management in Solwezi were a lack of knowledge of the existence of formal waste collection systems (35 %), failure by the local municipal council to provide waste bins either in residential areas or streets (13 %), relatively high costs of engaging in formal solid waste management and a lack of alternative cheaper ways of managing domestic solid waste. There was a general willingness by most residents to pay for sustainable solid waste management (57.2 %) with only 2.6 % indicating they felt that the local municipal council should treat waste management as a service that residents do not have to pay for
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: In conclusion, the low community participation in solid waste management in Solwezi was attributed to failure to adequately sensitize residents by the municipal council. Residents’ attitudes towards sustainable management of solid waste and community engagement in decisions related to solid waste management by the local authority was token at best. The study recommended sensitization in community participation as well as incentivizing champions of community waste management as a way of improving community participation in solid waste management.

Innovative frameworks and strategies for solid waste management have been brought forward by researchers to solve the phenomenon of accumulating waste in the environment globally. The sustainability of medical waste management then pivots on the ability of waste management in a way that proves harmless to humans, animals, plants and the environment at large. This review looks into the strategies for the sustainable management of solid waste generated in the health institutions of Zimbabwe. Waste management includes waste generation, waste segregation, waste storage, waste collection and transportation, waste treatment and disposal and waste reuse and recycling. Exhaustive literature review was conducted as the methodology for this review soliciting information on the solid medical waste management status worldwide. In Zimbabwe, hazardous medical solid waste segregation, storage, transportation and disposal is a responsibility of the medical institutions generating the waste. These include trip and fall hazards, infectious hazards, cuts and lacerations, drugs addictions and radioactive hazards. The environment also faces contamination to the land, underground water bodies through leaching, surface water bodies, damage to flora, poisoning of fauna and contamination of the atmosphere by methane and carbon monoxide. Findings of the study show that innovations for medical solid waste management include frameworks such as the Ladder of Lansink and the three 'R's. Innovative technologies include rotary kiln incinerators, automated segregation and engineered landfills. Therefore, the framework addresses issues impeding the adoption of these innovative strategies in Zimbabwe.

Municipal solid waste systems are essential components of environmental infrastructure in human settlements. This system comprises all the activities undertaken from the point of waste generation to the final phase of disposal. It is an important environmental health service and an integral part of basic urban services. In most cities of developing world, waste service provision is a responsibility of municipal authorities. However, solid waste generation out-weighed the collection capacities of these municipalities and agencies responsible for waste collection and its management. The problem of solid waste generation and management is also compounded, and increasingly becoming difficult for these agencies due to lack of availability of reliable data on existing waste streams within the metropolis. This study compared the solid waste management service provided by Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency (BASEPA) and the result of a study on waste characteristics and management streams in Bauchi Metropolis. The methodology of the study used waste characterization,, physical interviews, focus group discussion and observations; the results finally established the lacuna between the current situation and the unsustainable waste management services rendered by the municipality which became a bottleneck in achieving a sustainable urban solid waste management services in Bauchi metropolis respectively.. Keywords; Solid Waste, Solid Waste Management, Urban Areas, Environmental Agencies, Bauchi Metropolis DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-3-06 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Indonesia is an archipelagic country consisting of more than 17,500 islands. Urbanization and community agglomeration in urban areas in Indonesia are increasing the complexity of solid waste management in Indonesia. The old paradigm of 'collect-transport-disposal' waste management still occurs frequently in cities in Indonesia. This research is designed to be a systematic qualitative review. The relationships between good environmental governance and sustainable solid waste management are synthesized from a perspective of current conditions in Indonesia. The solution to sustainable waste management is generally carried out through well-organized waste management in an integrated manner from upstream to downstream with a 'cradle-to-grave' mindset, including the impacts that may arise therein. Implementing sustainable solid waste management requires commitment and support from all aspects of stakeholders. Good environmental governance is a comprehensive, dynamic, and complex concept that attempts to improve environmental conditions while promoting sustainable solid waste management. The results show that good environmental governance is very influential for sustainable solid waste management, but it still needs to be implemented optimally in Indonesia. Integration and synchronization of policies between the central government and local government must be further improved to implement good environmental governance.

Global solid waste generation is steeply increasing. Currently, high-income countries are responsible for the utmost per capita waste generation, but as economies of the Global South are growing rapidly, their waste is expected to triple by 2050. Simultaneously, countries such as Indonesia did not manage to align their socio-economic development with a sustainable solid waste management (SWM) and therefore contribute significantly to waste debris. Community participation is recognized by governments and civil society actors as an inclusive and transformative tool to manage exacerbating environmental issues. Urban regions intensify the challenges of solid waste generation, as is the case in Jakarta. Therefore, sustainable waste management is subject to an increasing number of civil society organizations. The study analyzed how participative processes within SWM efforts in Jakarta are executed, to investigate potentials and obstacles that evolve during the implementation. Another aim was to explore the heterogenous perspectives of participation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with civil society actors, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social enterprises, and waste banks to get insights into participatory procedures in Jakarta. The results reveal that the waste problems in Jakarta are complex, interrelated, and multi-layered. While participatory procedures have been acknowledged by the organizations to be highly relevant for waste management, such approaches should be adapted depending on the local circumstances and actors. Some of the obstacles and limitations include deficiency of infrastructure for SWM, lack of government engagement, and general awareness. Therefore, participatory formats should be combined, e.g., with suitable structures and balanced engagement of all relevant actors. Among others, further empirical research is needed to get a better understanding of the effectiveness of participation for efforts addressing environmental pollution. Such research can reveal (hidden) potentials of participative formats for sustainable waste management in urban or metropolitan areas in the Global South.

Worldwide solid waste generation has increased significantly. Source separation and recycling are important elements in solid waste management as both offer sustainable and effective solutions to the mounting waste issue. Beginning 1 September 2015, Perlis, Kedah, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Johor, and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya mandated the separation of solid waste at source or from households as provided under the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672). Nevertheless, issues such as the increase in the population, poor enforcement, and lack of proper infrastructure might hinder the successful implementation of the programme. This paper studies provisions on the separation of solid waste at source among households under the act and related challenges. The method used is library research and interviews. The findings of this paper is that the enforcement of mandatory separation of solid waste at source among households is a promising move towards enhancing sustainable solid waste management in Malaysia but there is space for improvement in order to ensure its successful implementation.

The most important aspect of solid waste management is the quantity and characteristics of waste to be managed. Lapai town lacks data on quantity of waste generated and their characteristics for efficient and sustainable waste management. This study is the quantification, characterisation and management of solid waste in Lapai. The study employs the method of source specific quantification and characteristics of the solid waste generated in Lapai because there is no effective landfill and no efficient functional system of waste collection and disposal. 300 questionnaires were administered to selected houses/business premises. At these 300 sampled premises, the solid waste were sorted out, characterized and weighed. The data generated was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study reveals that of the average waste generated per day, food waste has the highest percentage generation of 20%, followed by polythene and plastics with 16% while wood pieces and saw dust has the least with 2%. For efficient and sustainable solid waste management in Lapai it is recommended that Lapai Local Government Area Council should establish a proper waste management agency in line with the constitutional mandate on refuse disposal enshrined in the fourth schedule of Nigeria constitution. There is the need to reintroduce sanitary inspectors, embark on sustained environmental education and a land fill should be developed and managed properly, just as other methods of waste disposal such as incineration, composting and recycling should be considered.Key words: Solid waste characterisation, waste quantification, waste storage facilities, wastedisposal, landfill, sanitary inspectors

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of rule-based games as a pedagogical strategy for meaningful learning about sustainable solid waste management among 6th-grade students (Class 08) at the Leónidas Acuña Educational Institution (Cesar Department, Municipality of Valledupar, Colombia). Theoretical Framework: The research is based on the theories of Piaget (1962) and Ausubel (1983), highlighting the importance of play in children's cognitive development and meaningful learning. It also addresses sustainable solid waste management according to the environmental regulations and policies implemented in Colombia. Method: The study was developed using a non-experimental, cross-sectional quantitative approach. The sample included 28 students selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. A questionnaire with a Likert scale was used to collect data on knowledge and practices of waste management, learning disposition, and students' perception of using games. Results and Discussion: The results showed that 75% of the students have a high level of knowledge about solid waste, but there are significant deficiencies in sustainable management and recycling techniques. Additionally, 92.86% prefer classes that include games, highlighting their positive influence on meaningful learning. Research Implications: The research demonstrated the need to integrate playful strategies into environmental education to improve solid waste management. The results can influence educational policies and pedagogical practices, promoting deeper and more sustainable learning. Originality/Value: This study contributes to strengthening environmental pedagogy by demonstrating the effectiveness of rule-based games as an innovative educational tool to foster meaningful and sustainable learning about solid waste management. The findings can guide future research.

The study sought to assess the social context of solid waste disposal pattern of residents in Ibadan metropolis, in order to assess the Solid waste disposal patterns of people in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study identified solid waste disposal habits of residents, frequency of clearing the dumpsters, accessibility of waste dumpsters to people determines the waste disposal pattern of people; and analyze the willingness of people in Ibadan to pay for improved service. Solid waste management has been part of human activities right from time. Efforts by Oyo State Government is seen in the collection of dirt that have been placed on the medians. Waste generation is an unavoidable product of man activities, however, sustainable management of such waste is a challenge faced in many countries today. Nigeria, a developing country in Africa, has been in a quandary of how to efficiently manage the municipal solid waste its population generates. Many states in the country lack adequate plans and infrastructure required for efficient and sustainable management of municipal solid waste. For Ibadan, the largest city in Nigeria, the problem is further compounded by its rather large and still increasing population. In this research, Ibadan metropolis is taken as a case study; the rate of solid waste handling in households as regards solid waste management from household collection to final disposal are focused upon. The study found out that 45.6% drop their refuse in the dumpsters as 18.8% burns their refuse, 17.7% of the respondents drops their waste on the median, 12% in the drainage while 6% opts to drop their waste in the streams. On the effectiveness of the Private operators collecting waste from the respondents, the study found out that 7.6% effective, 37.5% of the respondents says the operators waste collection is poor, 7% says it is abysmal while 43.5% said it is not applicable to them because they do not have storage containers in their houses and as a result did not subscribe to their service. Many countries, particularly the developed ones, have employed options in the waste management hierarchy for sustainable management of their municipal solid waste and the blend of options employed is usually highly dependent on local factors. Following the waste management hierarchy, possible options for sustainable municipal solid waste management in Ibadan are discussed. It is concluded that waste reduction, reuse, and recycling are potential management options for the state. Landfilling will remain an important option for final disposal but reliance on this method could be significantly reduced if management options are exploited to the maximum in a sustainable solid waste management structure in Ibadan metropolis. Key Words: Waste handling, Ibadan Metropolis, Landfill, Municipal Solid Waste Word Count: 435

Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste management has remained a big challenge in Africa and other resource constrained settings. However, to achieve sustainability, the gaps in governance of waste management need to be addressed speedily as populations are expanding rapidly, far exceeding available infrastructure and resources. Ruiru subcounty has a rapidly expanding population which has not been matched with sustainable waste management in commercial and residential sectors. This study sought to establish the influence of governance on Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste management in Ruiru Sub-County. Mixed methods research approach and descriptive research design were used in both data collection and analysis. This involved administration of Questionnaires, interviews and observation checklist through an online platform Kobo Collect. Results of the study showed that the County Government and subsequent sub-counties are responsible for waste management. Despites this mandate there are heaps of waste remain in commercial and residential areas. This is attributed to various governance challenges such as lack of prioritization of waste management, limited financial and human resources, minimal community participation, disregard of informal players in waste management cycle, weak implementation and enforcement of waste management policies. While it is desirable to attain sustainable solid waste management in Ruiru, and while the national legal frameworks are in place, there are major challenges and gaps in solid waste governance. Therefore, this study concludes enforceability of mechanisms, adequacy of funding, wholistic involvement of all players remain daunting. Unless these are addressed, sustainable waste management will only remain an unattainable goal.

The general hospital is one of the health services needed by the community. Apart from positively impacting health, general hospitals also harm medical waste generated from operating activities as health service providers. Medical waste contains various viruses and bacteria that can endanger the health and pollute the environment if not managed properly. One of the hazardous medical wastes is general hospital solid medical waste. Solid medical waste in Indonesia is recorded to increase every year. Many general hospitals do not yet have a sustainable solid medical waste management system in medical waste management. The management process starts from the preparation stage, such as sorting, storing, processing, and reporting, which are still done separated. Separated process can make it difficult to monitor solid medical waste that follows sustainable standards that do not harm the environment. This study will develop a solid medical waste management module based on the Odoo Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system with the QuickStart method. This system can integrate data and information from each division responsible for the waste management process. The system will simplify the preparation process for management, monitoring processing following Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for sustainable waste management, such as whether the waste can be reused, recycled, energy consumed, and indicators for waste processing machines according to sustainable standards and government regulations. In the last stage, waste management can be reported automatically by the system, making it easier to analyze the results of solid medical waste management results and assist in decision-making.

Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is amongst problems affecting Zimbabwe due to diseases, population, and hospital increase. Solid waste from rural hospitals is receiving little attention translating to environmental health problems. Therefore, 101 secondary sources were used to write a paper aiming to proffer a hierarchical model to achieve sustainable solid waste management at rural hospitals. Rural hospitals' solid waste encompasses electronic waste, sharps, pharmaceutical, pathological, radioactive, chemical, infectious, and general waste. General solid waste from rural hospitals is between 77.35 and 79% whilst hazardous waste is between 21 and 22.65%. Solid waste increase add burden to nearly incapacitated rural hospitals. Rural hospital solid waste management processes include storage, transportation, treatment methods like autoclaving and chlorination, waste reduction alternatives, and disposal. Disposal strategies involve open pits, open burning, dumping, and incineration. Rural hospital solid waste management is guided by legislation, policies, guidelines, and conventions. Effectiveness of legal framework is limited by economic and socio-political problems. Rural hospital solid waste management remain inappropriate causing environmental health risks. Developed hierarchical model can narrow the route to attain sustainable management of rural hospitals' solid waste. Proposed hierarchical model consists of five-layered strategies and acted as a guide for identifying and ranking approaches to manage rural hospitals' solid waste. Additionally, Zimbabwean government, Environmental Management Agency and Ministry of Health is recommended to collaborate to provide sufficient resources to rural hospitals whilst enforcing legal framework. Integration of all hierarchical model's elements is essential whereas all-stakeholder involvement and solid waste minimisation approaches are significant at rural hospitals.

The traditional approach of handling municipal solid waste in many cities in Indonesia has led to the failure in certain degree of the solid waste management (SWM). On the other hand, the non-conventional options are the approaches to transform this business-as-usual approach to sustainable SWM that aims at accomplishing the appropriate proportion of the elements in waste hierarchy towards sustainable solid waste management. This study aims at assessing the present non-conventional approaches in municipal solid waste management undertaken by waste authorities in Makassar City. We conducted an in-depth investigation and interview with the actors/members, users, citizens and authorities on current status of non-conventional options of SWM. Four hundred and two respondents have been acquired their opinion and perception. Analysis on their perceptions was done by using 5-point Likert scale, by expecting to represent the respondents’ voices in carrying out the SWM activities. From the study, we confirmed that activities towards sustainable solid waste management are not always cost-intensive activities, a socially-bounded engagement, as reflected in by community in the study area, would also workable. We affirm that a livable city will not be accomplished without sustainable solid waste management.