Footstep-powered floor tile: Design and evaluation of an electromagnetic frequency up-converted energy harvesting system enhanced by a cylindrical Halbach array

Abstract

Energy harvesting floor systems use the mechanical energy generated by human weight to produce electrical energy, providing sustainable power sources for low-power systems at pedestrian crossings. They also have the potential to serve as renewable energy solutions on a larger scale. This study evaluates the design and performance of a kinetic energy harvester floor tile. The system design employs a frequency up-conversion technique to utilize the force exerted by the weight of humans for creating vibrational movement. In addition, the use of the cylindrical Halbach array improves the magnetic flux gradient, leading to an increased power output. A semi-analytical model is presented to evaluate the system performance, which is then validated through available experimental analysis and finite element simulations. A sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the impact of various factors on system performance, ultimately determining the optimal configuration. The optimal modular system is then used to create a 30 × 30 cm2 tile. This tile is capable of generating energy while walking, running, jogging, slow running, and fast running, with power outputs of 0.57, 0.85, 1.11, and 1.42 W (0.57, 0.86, 1.11, and 1.58 mW/cm2) respectively. Additionally, it is estimated that 511 mJ (568 mJ/cm2) of energy is generated per step. Additionally, an assessment is conducted on the energy production capabilities and environmental advantages of a specific site, such as a subway station.