Abstract
BackgroundStatic measures of foot posture are regularly used as part of a clinical examination to determine the need for foot level interventions. This is based on the premise that pronated and supinated foot postures may be risk factors for or associated with lower limb injury. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates foot posture (measured statically) as a potential risk factor for lower limb overuse injuries.MethodsA systematic search was performed using Medline, CINAHL, Embase, SportDiscus in April 2014, to identify prospective cohort studies that investigated foot posture and function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury. Eligible studies were classified based on the method of foot assessment: (i) static foot posture assessment; and/or (ii) dynamic foot function assessment. This review presents studies evaluating static foot posture. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated by two independent reviewers, using an adapted version of the Epidemiological Appraisal Instrument (EAI). Where possible, effects were expressed as standardised mean differences (SMD) for continuous scaled data, and risk ratios (RR) for nominal scaled data. Meta-analysis was performed where injuries and outcomes were considered homogenous.ResultsTwenty-one studies were included (total n = 6,228; EAI 0.8 to 1.7 out of 2.0). There was strong evidence that a pronated foot posture was a risk factor for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) development and very limited evidence that a pronated foot posture was a risk factor for patellofemoral pain development, although associated effect sizes were small (0.28 to 0.33). No relationship was identified between a pronated foot posture and any other evaluated pathology (i.e. foot/ankle injury, bone stress reactions and non-specific lower limb overuse injury).ConclusionThis systematic review identified strong and very limited evidence of small effect that a pronated foot posture is a risk factor for MTSS and patellofemoral pain respectively. Evaluation of static foot posture should be included in a multifactorial assessment for both MTSS and patellofemoral pain, although only as a part of the potential injury risk profile. Whilst the included measures are clinically applicable, further studies are required to determine their relationship with dynamic foot function.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13047-014-0055-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Static measures of foot posture are regularly used as part of a clinical examination to determine the need for foot level interventions
Search results The electronic database search yielded a total of 33,518 citations across the two parts of this systematic review
Full text versions of these were assessed for eligibility based on static foot posture assessment, and 21 studies met the eligibility criteria [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51], which were grouped according to injury type
Summary
Static measures of foot posture are regularly used as part of a clinical examination to determine the need for foot level interventions This is based on the premise that pronated and supinated foot postures may be risk factors for or associated with lower limb injury. Research has suggested that rearfoot motion (eversion) closely corresponds with tibial motion (internal rotation) [5,6] and is potentially associated with transverse plane rotations at the hip [7] Based on this model of lower extremity joint coupling, there has long been a theoretical link between foot pronation and lower extremity pathologies including exercise related lower extremity injury, medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) and patellofemoral pain [1,8,9]. At the other end of the spectrum increased foot supination has been linked to lower extremity injury via a mechanism of increased limb stiffness and subsequent vertical loading rates [10]
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